What importance do equality and inequality have in the political Essay

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political theories of any two of the political theorists - Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example ncepts of both the theorists Locke and Rousseau and try to have a better understanding of these important concepts and how to incorporate them into society to ensure a better standard of life. According to Locke, in order to understand political power in the right sense of the word, we should first of all attempt to understand man within a natural setting. In such a natural state or condition, man possesses total freedom or liberty to act as he thinks fit. In so doing, a sense of equality is achieved because in his natural setting, all belong to the same species and everyone’s actions are mutual and reciprocal. In such a setting, no one has more power over another, since all men have the same rank and the same advantages without fear of ‘subordination or subjection.’ (Locke, 8) However, Locke draws our attention to an important point that deals with man in his natural settings. He sheds light on the liberty of man by explaining to us that even though man has full liberty to disburse his actions or possessions in any way he deems fit, yet he does not have the liberty to destroy himself. He brings to our notice, that there is a law of nature that governs the state of nature and it is this law of nature that teaches man to reason and makes him responsible for his actions even though he has the liberty to act at his will. Locke, highlights the fact that though mankind are all equal and independent, yet, no one has the right to harm himself, nor his fellow beings life, possessions, his health nor his liberty in any way because everyone was created for the use of the other. (Locke, 9) However, if a person goes against the law of nature, then a person has the right to secure the law of nature by punishing the offender and bringing peace and harmony to the communi ty of mankind. (Locke, 10) In chapter III, Locke speaks in sharp contrast about the State of War, as against the State of Nature. He rightly explains that the state of war only leads to enmity and

Education - Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education Teacher Essay The education has been derived from Latin words Educare†. â€Å"Educare means to train, to bring and lead out, so we can say that education is to bring up, to developing and shaping up the individual talent and his inner potentialities. Definition: Education is a process in which and by which the knowledge, characters and behavior of the human being are shaped and molded. Education is lead to the enlightenment of mankind. According Imam Gzali Imam Ghazali said that education is a process which enables an individual to distinguish between the true and false, the good and bad, the right conduct and the evil doing. Educational policy: Education policy refers to the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through many institutions. For example early childhood education, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training. Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education people engage in at all ages. Policy 1979 Page 1 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 National Education Policy, 1979. On 29 March 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced the education policy. As a result all private education institutes were taken into national grip and brought changes in all other aspect of education. July 1977 General Zai-ul-Haq announced that new administration wanted to impose Islamic system. They considered it their aim. They believed that goals could not be achieved unless educational system based on Islamic system. For this purpose General Zia-ul-Haq conducted the conference of teachers, educationalist and of intelligent people. This conference gave recommendation for whole educational system. Muhammad Ali Khan announced this national policy. The main purpose of this policy was to impose education on Islamic system and to impose Urdu language by means of education. Main aim of the National Educational Conference 1979 was: ? Fostering loyalty to Islam. ? Creation of concept of Muslim Ummah. ? Promotion of science and technical education. Recommendation The main recommendation of the education policy of 1979 was following. 1. Elementary Education ? ? ? ? ? In coming five years 13000 schools will have opened Schools will have opened for those girls that were deprived from formal education Enable the students to stand on their courage Residential irony and training centers will have constructed for rural female teacher 5000 masjid will have constructed and books will have provided free of cost 2. Secondary Education ? 2000 new secondary institutes will have opened and converted 1000 middle schools into secondary institutes ? In the curriculum of secondary education new subject will have added ? Scope of secondary education will have intended so that students found take part in productive activities ? Secondary education will have considered from nine class to second year Policy 1979 Page 2 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 3. Higher Education ? In selected girls colleges of all provinces post graduates classes will have started ? Valuation will have given to teachers of University to extend their education professional training ? Scholarship will have given to intelligent students and teachers ? In coming five years no other new universities except women universities. New buildings of colleges will have constructed for girls and boys ? Provincial government will responsible to bear all expenses of universities Features: It was said in nation policy 1979 that education is a continuous process. Any educational policy cannot complete without education. Main features of recommendation are given below. 1. Masjid School It was planned in national educational policy that masjid schools masjid will have opened in these schools other subjects will have together alongside primary education. Moreover it was decided to open 5000 masjid school 2. Women Education It was recommended in policy to establish separate women university. Main point was to get attention of women towards education 3. Special Education It is also recommend in policy that central government will have prepared plans for the education of blinds, handicap able. Such person will have prepared to ea rn their livelihood 4. Establishment of private Institution In national policy establishment of private institute were allowed in this way education of inhabitants of country will have increased. Policy 1979 Page 3 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 5. Mohallah Schools It was recommended to open Mohallah schools for those girls that could not get admissions in formal educational institutes. For this purpose 5000 school were opened 6. Religious Education Arabic will have compulsory up to 8th class. It will have taught as a compulsory subject 7. Village workshop schools It was recommended in policy to open workshops schools for those children who leave study. Main purpose was to enable them to earn their livelihood. 8. Medium of instruction It was planned in policy that all English medium school that get government aids will consider Urdu language as a medium of instruction IMPACT: 1. Clear foundation of education In national educational policy Islamic Ideology of life was considered as base of education 2. University Grants Commission It was decided in policy to give university grant commission to university to save their problems moreover it was said that government would bear expenses of university and these amount were given a grant commission 3. Urdu Language. It also decided in educational policy that all official work will have performed in Urdu language. It was compulsory for English medium schools that get government aids to adopt language selected bay provincial government Policy 1979 Page 4 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 4. Islamic Madras’s According to the decision of national policy those people were held for public services that have certificate from Islamic Madras’s. in this way benefits of Madras increased and preached Islam 5. Teacher welfare Residential colony was constructed for rural teachers. For getting external in internal education scholarship was given to teachers Milestones achieved by Education Policy 1979: 1. The medium of instruction was switched over to Urdu in government schools. 2. Private schools were allowed to have English as the medium of instruction. This led to the operation of two different systems of education within the country, one for those who could afford private education, and one for the rest of the nation. This two tier system contributed to a widening socio-economic inequity with the consequent feeling of injustice and resentment. 3. The policy of nationalization was reversed. 4. The private sector was encouraged to open schools. 5. The funding of universities was made through the Federal government. Suggested strategies to achieve goals of Policy: 1. Merging madras and traditional education. 2. Urdu as a medium of education. 3. Effective participation of community in literacy programs. 4. Linked scientific and technical education. 5. Separate instates for male and female. 6. Mosque schools. Implementation: This policy was not implemented properly and failed due to lack of planning and financial resources. Policy 1979.

The black death Essay -- essays research papers

What was the Black Death, and what was its impact on European society? The Black Death was a bacterium which was carried by flea infested rats. This disaster spread across Europe quite rapidly. Much accusation for the cause of the plague was pressed onto the Jewish community. The most common plague was the bubonic plague, although the pneumatic plague also existed. This disaster caused economic, social, political and cultural havoc. Approximately 50% of the infested population died, which, was estimated between 19 to 38 million. During this occurrence 25 to 50 percent of the population throughout Europe decreased. The plague began around 1347 and did not end until around 1369. What major problems did European states face in the fourteenth century? There was economic mayhem during 1347-1351 caused by drop in population, which was caused by the immense amount of deaths caused by the Black Death. Peasants salaries were increasing where as aristocrats’ loss around 20 percent of their income. This caused social instability and lead riots. Peasants revolted against the nobles which affected commercial and industrial activities. The political structure changed causing instability. This was due to internal conflicts on who should lead to bureaucracy. How and why did the authority and prestige of the papacy decline in the fourteenth century? The papacy began to lose control when King Philip IV chose to tax the French clergy, without the pope’s consent. The Struggle...

The Influence of Alcohol and Drugs in Edgar Allen Poe Life

The influence of alcohol and drugs in Edgar Allan Poe’s life â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dreamed before† (Edgar Allan Poe). Darkness and sadness are strong characteristics of Edgar Allan Poe’s writing. The tragedies during his life, such as the death of his biological and adoptive moms, followed by the death of his young wife Virginia were important factors which formed his gothic style. Poe is known for his drinking problems and use of drugs.Those habits had a big influence in his life and in his works. Family members, classmates, depression and disasters influenced Poe to use alcohol. The possibilities of Poe been an alcoholic increased because of the environment and the society in which he grew up (Scharf, Douglas 3). Genetics probabilities were really high to him too, once his father, David Poe, and his brother Henry Poe had hard drinking problems (Poe, Drugs and Alcoh ol 7).The most part of Poe’s problems as depression and alcoholism appeared more evidently while he was passing the age of mid-twenties (Black, Jamee A. ). His addiction to alcohol started while he was attending the University of Virginia and was introduced to it by classmates (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 9). Depression, heart troubles and a brain lesion were clinically proved and part of Poe’s life (Black, Jamee A. ). Was extremely hard for him to handle with his emotional and physical weaknesses, so to relief his pain he used alcohol as anesthetic (Black, Jamee A. 6). More and more, Poe’s addiction to alcohol was increasing and this over drinking was causing now trouble in different sections of his life.His carrier was one of the first affected starting in June 1835, when the editor of the Southern Literary Messenger gave an opportunity to Poe to work helping with this paper. The people responsible for the paper and the readers really liked Poe’s effort and creativity, but he was fired after arrived repeatedly times drunk at work (Poe, Edgar Allan 2). The madness and depression that Poe felt were increasing as increased his over drinking (Black, Jamee A. 1). Poe went so far that he got into a point that he drank absinthe and brandy which is a really dangerous mixture (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 27).Between the many possible causes of Edgar Allan Poe’s death, his problem with alcohol is really considerable as one important reason of his early death (Scharf, Douglas 1). Even though Poe was completely addicted to alcohol, many times, he tried very hard to fight against his alcoholism. Right after his first long drinking experience, during college, he tried to stay away from it (Black, Jamee A. 3). His drinking times were intermittent and he stayed abstain from alcohol for months in some of those periods (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 8).Promises were made and repeatedly times he said that would never drink again. As one side of Poe tells him that he should stop with alcohol, the other side tells that he should drink to relief his emotional pains and usually he followed this last side once is a lot easier to deal with it (Black, Jamee A. 6). In 1847, Poe’s get extremely hard into drinking, one of the worse times during his whole life, after the death of his young wife Virginia (Hennelly, Mark M. 1). After this event he could stop drinking alcohol anymore (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 14).Other important characteristic of his life is the use of drugs. Some evidences show that Poe really used drugs but for medical benefits in which the doctors gave to him as a medicine (Scharf, Douglas 4). Few doctors believed that Poe was not addicted to drugs and that he just used as written on the medical prescription (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 4). The problems and pains that Poe felt were so hard for him to deal with that he used drugs to forget about all these trouble (Black, Jamee A. 7). Opium was the main drug used by Poe, it made him get it the dream-world (Hennelly, Mark M. 0).While Poe was trying to get away from alcohol were times when he used uncontrolled amounts of Opium (Poe, Drug and Alcohol 2). The use of drugs, even for medical benefits, made him addicted to drugs and this is appointed as one of the cause of Poe’s death (Black, Jamee A. 11). Poe’s works are a visible reflects of his life, history and habits, including the use of alcohol and drugs. Between the large amounts of Poe’s works written in first person is remarkable that couple of his fictions narrators admitted the use of Opium (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 1).Roderick Usher, the narrator of the short story The Fall of the House of Usher, was a depressed man addicted to drugs which cause one of the strongest suspicions of bonds between Poe and his characters (Scharf, Douglas 4). He had a tendency for gothic style after all the tragedies during his life, and he appeared with an irregular behavior when related with women after th e death of Virginia (Poe, Edgar Allan 6). An example of his personal life in his work is showed at the beginning of the poem The Raven when the narrator is reading a book to try to forget someone who he loved and that he lost.Passages of Poe’s stories and poems are seemed as he was having a hallucination while he was writing it, and it’s possible that he was under alcohol and drugs influence (Poe, Drugs and Alcohol 5). â€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity† (Edgar Allan Poe). Alcohol and drugs had expressive influence into Poe’s style and writing. Even though all the troubles caused by those disasters during his life, without them Poe wouldn’t have the characteristics that made him and his works so unique.

American Music of the New Millennium

Music creates invigorating environments and atmospheres in nightclubs, homes, churches, picnics, cars and everywhere else on this planet. Music industry attracts creative, imaginative minds who has the capability of developing ideas that fascinates everyone. Many years ago, music consisted of one category, classical. From classical, Jazz, Blues, Ragtime, Rock and Roll, Pop, Hip-Hop were invented. The music bringing in the most money are the music that stays up with the current trends. This type of music has a bigger audience. Today, we have several music types that can be divided into popular classifications.Updated audio technology enhances sounds of notes played, chord progressions and vocal techniques more distinctively. Music appealing to popular cultures consistently changes with current trends. Today’s popular music categories appealing to young generations, staying with current trends can be classified as Hip-Hop or Rap, Pop, or progressive Rhythm and Blues. Popular art ists such as Kayne West, Hurricane Chris and 50 cent play music classified as Hip-Hop or Rap. Jazz, Rock and Roll, mixed with international African Drumming and Latino cultures shaped the personality of Hip-Hop.Hip-Hops tonality is formed by constant heavily accented beats and strong notes. The constant backbeat defining Rock and Roll carried over to Hip-Hop. Hip-Hop arranges the instruments to put stronger emphases on the backbeat, creating an atmosphere of invigoration and energy. Teen music audiences are vibrant and energetic. â€Å"We could say that music perception is measured and studied as though it is the ability to perceive features of music† (Dorrel, 2006). Heavy accents on instrumentation intrigue young music audiences. Energetic rhythms, provided by percussion are youth oriented, and are easily perceived by young people.Hip-Hop in the future may become faster, have many more rhythms playing simultaneously, and become more integrated with other nations. The number of notes written into Hip-Hop’s musical scores will increase. There is a new dance trend popularized by Hip-Hop (and Madonna) called Krumping. Hip-Hop music steadily influences development of new dance styles, both in the studios and in the nightclubs. Other artists of another division of the pop music classification are Fergie, Rihanna and Gwen Stefani. Pop music sometimes follows the same time signatures as Hip-Hop.The duration of the accents, frequency’s and pitches are comparable to Hip-Hops style. Identical Hip-Hop sheet music may be used for pop. The emphases on the instruments defines the difference. Pop artists singing voices are more accented, above the percussion. The audible focus emphasize different instruments. Electronic instruments (Keyboard, Organ) are emphasized while percussions provide the steady ongoing pulse. As time progresses, all popular music note’s and rhythms speed and frequency increase. For current music trends to stay on top of the music field, they must constantly create new themes, new overall tonality’s.One of the changes inevitably coming along is the ways music is brought to us. Music will be available through radios, devices requiring service contracts without downloadable device and concert shows. Artists will start touring more or only agreeing to make albums requiring a service contract. There will be more competition to create stunning shows. The artists will have to â€Å"make it (concert) memorable. Give them ups and downs, highs and lows, mix the comfortable with the unexpected† (Elmy, 2003). In the new millennium, pop bands may be putting shows together with rap bands.The final classification of music is Rhythm and Blues. Some Rhythm and Blues singers are Beyonce, Janet Jackson and Ciara. The melody and electronic instruments are emphasized in R&B. Musical theatre, Jazz and Big Band influenced R&B. Dancing, and types of dancing defined and characterized Musical Theatre, Jazz, Big Ba nd. In today’s R&B videos, artists uses distinctive dance styles. In Rihanna’s video, Umbrella (also R&B), you can see the Fosse technique in her solo dancing, specifically from All That Jazz. Future Rhythm and Blues will continue return to its roots from Big Band and Jazz, which was played in musical theatres.Popular music, is music appealing to the average ages from children to late twenties. Children are never to young to become a fan of popular music produced by the music industry. Some two year olds love Hurricane Chris and KISS. The artists appealing to younger generations may be any age. Record label’s executives are conducting professional music business to appeal to younger people. The music trends constantly change, continuously inventing ways to hold audiences with short attention spans. If music shows are designed to hold the attention of ADD five years old, it will certainly hold adult audiences.When applying for an executive position, the straightl aced interview rules no longer apply. â€Å"It’s no accident labels are hiring producers. These guys have the sense to stay on top of market changes and deliver sales. You’ve definitely gotta hire someone who’s going to bring a little more content to what people are doing nowadays, because if you don’t, you’re going to get pushed out of the race† (Marshall, 2007). Future of music will bring more breakthrough techniques including improvement of vocal quality, musical arrangements of songs, and recording technology. Artists are now refusing to make albums.Madonna recently left her lifetime record label, Warner Brothers because Live Nation promotes concert tours. These live performances will likely eliminate any music sales to individuals. Legitimate businesses are going to be the primary purchasers of hard copies of music. Today, only dance studios with 2000 students purchase the required licenses to play and use copyrighted music. The smaller dance studios do not abide with these laws. Artists advantage to producing music is currently getting eliminated. The reality shows, American Idol, Dancing With the Stars can be very misleading.Why is Paula Abdul no longer singing and making albums, since she is a bridge to music contracts? Younger people may lack money to purchase all favorite tunes. However, the cost of getting music to them costs a small fortune. The popular music can currently be divided into three classifications. The most creative people combined Rhythm and Blues coming from classic musical theatre, jazz and blues originating in 1920’s and marketed current popular cultures. Notes; Elmy, T. (2003, May). Playing Live: How To Structure A Kick-Ass Set. Canadian Musician, 25(3), 60. Retrieved November 17, 2007,from Academic Search Complete database. http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=10303241&site=ehost-live Phillip Dorrel, (2006 October 15) Music Perception: What Is It That We Perceive When We Perceive Music? Retrieved November 17, 2007 http://www. 1729. com/blog/MusicPerception. html Marshall, S. (2007, February 26). MUSIC LABELS' NEW LEADERS. Crain's New York Business, 23(9), 1-8. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from Regional Business News database. http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=bwh&AN=24351670&site=ehost-live

Free Essays on Norway Past And Present

Norway (Past- Present) Norway: From It’s Past To It’s Present For ages ago, appeared the forefathers of what is the present day Norway. In a time of 10,000 years ago, these early Norwegian were mainly relayed on their prey such as reindeer. There is no historical agreement to where these ancestors had appeared from. Below I will explain the history of Norway from its past to its present. Some of their artifacts were of the same type had been discovered in Southern Sweden and in Denmark. Examples of these artifacts are claimed to be flint tools, clay vessels, art, and rock carvings. By the Bronze Age which had appeared in the 1500 to 500 BC, had started a turning point in the Norwegian history. Through the majority of the population were hunters, some had found advancements and technologies for agriculture. In the Roman Age ( 0-400 AD) was the beginning of more advancements and people began to become more civilized. Many of these advancements were the discovery of glass, weapons, bronze utensils, and the art of writing and communication. These writings were in a form of runic letters, which became popular in the Nordic times. Around the year 400 scientist and historians have found out that the Nordic forefathers began to migrate most of the time. The era of the Vikings marks a historical stand point in the prehistoric Norway. Through without written sources, the Vikings had left many archaeological remains, and stories which were inherited by mouth to generation to generation. It also has been said that out of the prehistoric period in Northern Europe, the Viking age was the richest of the all. For the early Vikings their job were mainly settled in Northern Scotland and Ireland. They were also sailors and explorers. The most two popular explorers were Eric the Red, and Leif Ericson. With their advancements, they were able to build worthy ships. The areas explored and traveled were countrie... Free Essays on Norway Past And Present Free Essays on Norway Past And Present Norway (Past- Present) Norway: From It’s Past To It’s Present For ages ago, appeared the forefathers of what is the present day Norway. In a time of 10,000 years ago, these early Norwegian were mainly relayed on their prey such as reindeer. There is no historical agreement to where these ancestors had appeared from. Below I will explain the history of Norway from its past to its present. Some of their artifacts were of the same type had been discovered in Southern Sweden and in Denmark. Examples of these artifacts are claimed to be flint tools, clay vessels, art, and rock carvings. By the Bronze Age which had appeared in the 1500 to 500 BC, had started a turning point in the Norwegian history. Through the majority of the population were hunters, some had found advancements and technologies for agriculture. In the Roman Age ( 0-400 AD) was the beginning of more advancements and people began to become more civilized. Many of these advancements were the discovery of glass, weapons, bronze utensils, and the art of writing and communication. These writings were in a form of runic letters, which became popular in the Nordic times. Around the year 400 scientist and historians have found out that the Nordic forefathers began to migrate most of the time. The era of the Vikings marks a historical stand point in the prehistoric Norway. Through without written sources, the Vikings had left many archaeological remains, and stories which were inherited by mouth to generation to generation. It also has been said that out of the prehistoric period in Northern Europe, the Viking age was the richest of the all. For the early Vikings their job were mainly settled in Northern Scotland and Ireland. They were also sailors and explorers. The most two popular explorers were Eric the Red, and Leif Ericson. With their advancements, they were able to build worthy ships. The areas explored and traveled were countrie...

Essay On Climate Change The WritePass Journal

Essay On Climate Change Conclusion Essay On Climate Change : 1). This is clearly evident through the establishment of green engineering and green chemistry which has been considered to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment (Author, 2008: 607). This is because, both green engineering and green chemistry â€Å"seek to maximise efficiency and minimize health and environmental hazards throughout the chemical production process† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This ensures that a sustainable environment can be maintained by controlling global warming and environmental pollution more efficiently. The Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale (2012a: 1) thus seeks to â€Å"advance sustainability by catalyzing the effectiveness of the Green Chemistry and Green Engineering community.† This is achieved by advancing the science, raising awareness, catalyzing implementation and preparing the next generation. The Centre thereby supports the research and development of the science by acting as a catalyst to the green engineering and chemistry communities. Green Engineering   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green engineering seeks to minimize pollution and reduce the risks created by toxic chemicals through the â€Å"development and commercialisation of industrial processes that are economically feasible† (Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 2012b: 1). One of the main objectives of green engineering is therefore to reduce and manage waste more economically. This is vital given the increased amount of waste that is being generated each year: â€Å"current global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025† (World Bank: 2011: 8). This is a substantial amount of waste and unless the pollution that is created from this is reduced, global warming will be greatly increased. Green engineers have attempted to prevent this from happening, nonetheless, by using only low toxic chemicals. Not only does this reduce manufacturing costs, but it a lso limits chemical exposure to the environment. Risk assessment practices are also being adopted so that the environmental impacts of certain toxic chemicals can be measured and so that a determination as to which chemicals need to be eliminated or avoided can be made. Engineers also â€Å"assess feed and recycle streams based on risk and not volume within a chemical process and design greener products and processes† (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011: 1). All of these processes evidently contribute to the development of a sustainable environment which helps to eliminate global warming. The green engineering principles, as established by Anastas and Zimmerman (2003: 94), have been welcomed by all and as asserted by Abraham (2006, 8); â€Å"the Principles of sustainable engineering provide a paradigm in which engineers can design products and services to meet social needs with minimal impact on the global ecosystem.† This is highly desirable given the concerns surrounding global warming and whilst the principles do not provide engineers with a definitive process for creating a sustainable product, they do provide them with a conceptual framework that can be followed when developing new products and services. This helps to reduce global warming and environmental pollution that is created from toxic chemicals and global markets. Conversely, it is unlikely that the current environmental problems will be completely eradicated by the use of these principles alone which is why international co-operation is imperative. It is unlikely that international co-operation w ill be maintained, however, because of the economic costs this will incur. Accordingly, â€Å"co-operation is unlikely to be sustained when each individual country calculates that if it were to defect from the agreement on its own, with others continuing to abide by the agreement, the benefits of defecting would outweigh the benefits of participation† (Bosetti and Frankel, 2011: 25). Consequently, whilst green engineering is beneficial to the global economy it is unclear whether every country is adopting its principles within the development of new products and services and because of this, global warming and environmental pollution is likely to remain. Green Chemistry   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green chemistry is a concept of chemical research which is similar to green engineering in that it encourages those designing new products and processes to minimise their use of toxic chemicals. Nevertheless, â€Å"green chemistry principles and metrics can influence the entire life cycle of a chemical from design through disposal† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This allows it to minimise the risks associated with environmental hazards a lot better because of the fact that hazardous substances can be eliminated at source. This enables environmental problems to be avoided before they actually happen which is exactly what the United States 1990 Pollution Prevention Act aimed to achieve in its attempts to promote sustainability. Accordingly, the 1990 Act enhanced the focus that was being placed upon pollution prevention by making it clear that source reduction was a lot more effective in advancing sustainability pollution control and management. This is because; source reduction pre vents hazardous substances from being released into the environment at first instance, whereas pollution control and management merely seeks to control toxic chemicals after they have already been released. Green chemistry is therefore significantly important in helping to eliminate global warming and environmental pollution which is necessary in today’s society where the chemical’s industry is severely affecting the environment. Hence, there is a global demand for less reliance to be placed upon the use of fossil fuels and for the adoption of greener manufacturing processes. Green chemistry thereby helps to alleviate such reliance by assisting in the development of a low carbon economy. Sustainability   Write an Essay On Climate Change Whilst green engineering and green chemistry helps to promote sustainability, it is unlikely that global warming and environmental pollution will be completely eradicated as a result of these implementations. This is because, although its effects will be minimised; â€Å"some experts worry that they will not go far enough† (Graham-Rowe, 2005: 1). This is widely due to the difficulties associated with international co-operation since it cannot be said that all individuals and organizations will adopt the concepts of green engineering and chemistry. Hence, â€Å"there is no legal requirement on scheme operators to undertake calibration which is commonplace by international hydrometric standards† (Pillai et al, 2005: 2). In view of this, it cannot be said that the underlying concepts of green engineering and chemistry will be followed. As a result, it is important that the issues surrounding global warming and environmental pollution are addressed more appropriately so tha t the global economy can be sufficiently protected. This is important not only for present generations but also for future generations because as noted by Bell and McGillivray (2008: 55); â€Å"sustainable development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations.† Consequently, unless the environment is kept as naturally as possible through the prevention of pollution, future generations will suffer and sustainability will not be maintained. Further regulation of this area is needed so that the concepts aimed at helping the environment are upheld. This is because, it cannot be determined at present whether the green concepts are being adhered to and unless individuals fully co-operate, individuals and organizations will continue to damage the environment. Essentially, the uses of toxic chemicals are major causes for concern and unless the environment is managed more effectively, pollution will continue to ensue. More stringent regulatory practices could be implemented so that the use of toxic chemicals is minimized by adopting the concepts of green engineering and green chemistry. A sustainable environment would be created if this were to take effect because as put forward by Lancaster (2010: 304): â€Å"The chemical industry is a key solution provider on the road to sustainability.† He went on to further add that: â€Å"An independent study has shown that, on average, for every tonne of greenhouse gas emitted during chemical production three tones are saved by society by using products of the chemical industry† (Lancaster, 2010: 304-305). This clearly highlights the advantages the chemical industry can bring to the environment and illustrates that green engineering and green chemistry do help alleviate global warming and environmental pollution. The impacts of the chemical industry would, nevertheless, be greater if more efficient regulation was in place which signifies the need for change within this area. Conclusion Overall, global warming and environmental pollution caused from toxic chemicals has been extremely concerning in recent years. This is because, unless the problems associated with the environment are addressed, a sustainable environment will not be maintained. This will not only affect the present generation but it will also affect future generations. Because of this, it is vital that something is done to ensure that less toxic products are used when developing new products. Green engineering and green chemistry has proven to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment and therefore needs to be adopted by all. It is likely that international co-operation would prove difficult, yet international standards could be implemented which ensure that the concepts created by the green industry are conformed to. This would enable waste to be reduced and managed more effectively and sustainability would be created. Consequently, unless applicable changes are made t o this area, global warming and environmental pollution will become a bigger problem. As such, it is imperative that the solutions provided for by the chemical industry are followed by all because as was recognised, the chemical industry is a key solution to achieving sustainability. References Abraham, M. A. (2006). Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles, Elsevier. Anastas, P. T. and Zimmeran, J. B. (2003). Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology Journal, Issue 5, Volume 37. Author, A. (2008). Fusing Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: DesignBuild at the Molecular Level, Green Chemistry Journal, Issue 6, Volume 10. Bell, S. and McGillivray, D. (2008), Environmental Law, 7th edition, Oxford University Press. Bosetti, V. and Frankel, J. (2011). Sustainable Co-operation in Global Climate Policy: Specific Formulas and Emission Targets to Build on Copenhagen and Cancun, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2011/07. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012a). About the Centre, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/about-the-center [06 December 2012]. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012b). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Defines, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/green-chemistry-green-engineering-defined [06 December 2012]. Graham-Rowe, G. (2005). Hydroelectric Power’s Dirty Secret Revealed, New Scientist, [Online] Available: newscientist.com/article/dn7046-hydroelectric-powers-dirty-secret-revealed.html [06 December 2012]. Lancaster, M. (2010). Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text, 2nd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry. Mulville, M. J. Beach, E. S. Zimmerman, J. B. and Anastas, P. T. (2011). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: A Framework for Sustainable Technology Development, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 36. National Instruments (NI). (2012). Green Engineering – Improving the Environment and the Bottom Line, NI Developer Zone, [Online] Available: ni.com/white-paper/7257/en [05 December 2012]. Pillai, A. Reid, C. T. and Black, A. R. (2005) Reconciling Renewable Energy and the Local Impacts of Hydro-Electric Development, Environmental Law Review, Issue 2, Volume 7. ThinkQuest. (2002), Global Warming, Oracle Education Foundation, [Online] Available: http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/global_warming.htm [05 December 2012]. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). What is Green Engineering, Green Engineering, [Online] Available: epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/pubs/whats_ge.html [06 December 2012]. World Bank. (2011). Waste Generation, Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, [Online] Available: siteresources.worldbank.org//Resources/336387/Chap3.pdf [06 December 2012]. Looking for someone to modify this Essay? Contact WritePass today.

37 Cool Science Experiments for Kids to Do at Home

37 Cool Science Experiments for Kids to Do at Home SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you looking for cool science experiments for kids at home or for class? We’ve got you covered! We’ve compiled a list of 37 of the best science experiments for kids that cover areas of science ranging from outer space to dinosaurs to chemical reactions. By doing these easy science experiments, kids will make their own blubber and see how polar bears stay warm, make a rain cloud in a jar to observe how weather changes, create a potato battery that’ll really power a lightbulb, and more. Below are 37 of the best science projects for kids to try. For each one we include a description of the experiment, which area(s) of science it teaches kids about, how difficult it is (easy/medium/hard), how messy it is (low/medium/high), and the materials you need to do the project. Note that experiments labelled â€Å"hard† are definitely still doable; they just require more materials or time than most of these other science experiments for kids. #1: Insect Hotels Teaches Kids About: Zoology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium Insect hotels can be as simple (just a few sticks wrapped in a bundle) or as elaborate as you’d like, and they’re a great way for kids to get creative making the hotel and then get rewarded by seeing who has moved into the home they built. After creating a hotel with hiding places for bugs, place it outside (near a garden is often a good spot), wait a few days, then check it to see who has occupied the â€Å"rooms.† You can also use a bug ID book or app to try and identify the visitors. Materials Needed Shadow box or other box with multiple compartments Hot glue gun with glue Sticks, bark, small rocks, dried leaves, bits of yarn/wool, etc. #2: DIY Lava Lamp Teaches Kids About: Chemical reactions Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium In this quick and fun science experiment, kids will mix water, oil, food coloring, and antacid tablets to create their own (temporary) lava lamp. Oil and water don’t mix easily, and the antacid tablets will cause the oil to form little globules that are dyed by the food coloring. Just add the ingredients together and you’ll end up with a homemade lava lamp! Materials Needed Water Vegetable oil Food coloring Antacid tablets #3: Magnetic Slime Teaches Kids About: Magnets Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: High (The slime is black and will slightly dye your fingers when you play with it, but it washes off easily.) A step up from silly putty and Play-Doh, magnetic slime is fun to play with but also teaches kids about magnets and how they attract and repel each other. Some of the ingredients you aren’t likely to have around the house, but they can all be purchased online. After mixing the ingredients together, you can use the neodymium magnet (regular magnets won’t be strong enough) to make the magnetic slime move without touching it! Materials Needed Liquid starch Adhesive glue Iron oxide powder Neodymium (rare earth) magnet #4: Baking Soda Volcanoes Teaches Kids About: Chemical reactions, earth science Difficulty Level: Easy-medium Messiness Level: High Baking soda volcanoes are one of the classic science projects for kids, and they’re also one of the most popular. It’s hard to top the excitement of a volcano erupting inside your home. This experiment can also be as simple or in-depth as you like. For the eruption, all you need is baking soda and vinegar (dishwashing detergent adds some extra power to the eruption), but you can make the â€Å"volcano† as elaborate and lifelike as you wish. Materials Needed Baking soda Vinegar Dishwashing detergent Water Large mason jar or soda bottle Playdough or aluminum foil to make the â€Å"volcano† Additional items to place around the volcano (optional) Food coloring (optional) #5: Tornado in a Jar Teaches Kids About: Weather Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This is one of the quick and easy and science experiments for kids to teach them about weather. It only takes about five minutes and a few materials to set up, but once you have it ready you and your kids can create your own miniature tornado whose vortex you can see and the strength of which you can change depending on how quickly you swirl the jar. Materials Needed Mason jar Water Dish soap Vinegar Glitter (optional) #6: Colored Celery Experiment Teaches Kids About: Plants Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This celery science experiment is another classic science experiment that parents and teachers like because it’s easy to do and gives kids a great visual understanding of how transpiration works and how plants get water and nutrients. Just place celery stalks in cups of colored water, wait at least a day, and you’ll see the celery leaves take on the color of the water. This happens because celery stalks (like other plants) contain small capillaries that they use to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Materials Needed Celery stalks (can also use white flowers or pale-colored cabbage) Glass jars Water Food coloring #7: Rain Cloud in a Jar Teaches Kids About: Weather Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low This experiment teaches kids about weather and lets them learn how clouds form by making their own rain cloud. This is definitely a science project that requires adult supervision since it uses boiling water as one of the ingredients, but once you pour the water into a glass jar, the experiment is fast and easy, and you’ll be rewarded with a little cloud forming in the jar due to condensation. Materials Needed Glass jar with a lid Boiling water Aerosol hairspray Ice cubes Food coloring (optional) #8: Edible Rock Candy Teaches Kids About: Crystal formation Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium It takes about a week for the crystals of this rock candy experiment to form, but once they have you’ll be able to eat the results! After creating a sugar solution, you’ll fill jars with it and dangle strings in them that’ll slowly become covered with the crystals. This experiment involves heating and pouring boiling water, so adult supervision is necessary, once that step is complete, even very young kids will be excited to watch crystals slowly form. Materials Needed Glass jars Water Sugar Large saucepan Clothespins String or small skewers Food coloring (optional) Candy flavoring (optional) #9: Water Xylophone Teaches Kids About: Sound waves Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low With just some basic materials you can create your own musical instrument to teach kids about sound waves. In this water xylophone experiment, you’ll fill glass jars with varying levels of water. Once they’re all lined up, kids can hit the sides with wooden sticks and see how the itch differs depending on how much water is in the jar (more water=lower pitch, less water=higher pitch). This is because sound waves travel differently depending on how full the jars are with water. Materials Needed Glass jars Water Wooden sticks/skewers Food coloring #10: Blood Model in a Jar Teaches Kids About: Human biology Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium This blood model experiment is a great way to get kids to visual what their blood looks like and how complicated it really is. Each ingredient represents a different component of blood (plasma, platelets, red blood cells, etc.), so you just add a certain amount of each to the jar, swirl it around a bit, and you have a model of what your blood looks like. Materials Needed Empty jar or bottle Corn syrup Red cinnamon candies Marshmallows or dry white lima beans White sprinkles #: Potato Battery Teaches Kids About: Electricity Difficulty Level: Hard Messiness Level: Low Did you know that a simple potato can produce enough energy to keep a light bulb lit for over a month? You can create a simple potato battery to show kids. There are kits that provide all the necessary materials and how to set it up, but if you don’t purchase one of these it can be a bit trickier to gather everything you need and assemble it correctly. Once it’s set though, you’ll have your own farm grown battery! Materials Needed Fresh potato Two wires Galvanized nail Copper coin Lightbulb #12: Homemade Pulley Teaches Kids About: Simple machines Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low This science activity requires some materials you may not already have, but once you’ve gotten them, the homemade pulley takes only a few minutes to set up, and you can leave the pulley up for your kids to play with all year round. This pulley is best set up outside, but can also be done indoors. Materials Needed Clothesline 2 clothesline pulleys Bucket #13: Light Refraction Teaches Kids About: Light Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This light refraction experiment takes only a few minutes to set up and uses basic materials, but it’s a great way to show kids how light travels. You’ll draw two arrows on a sticky note, stick it to the wall, then fill a clear water bottle with water. As you move the water bottle in front of the arrows, the arrows will appear to change the direction they’re pointing. This is because of the refraction that occurs when light passes through materials like water and plastic. Materials Needed Sticky note Marker Transparent water bottle Water #14: Nature Journaling Teaches Kids About: Ecology, scientific observation Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low A nature journal is a great way to encourage kids to be creative and really pay attention to what’s going on around them. All you need is a blank journal (you can buy one or make your own) along with something to write with. Then just go outside and encourage your children to write or draw what they notice. This could include descriptions of animals they see, tracings of leaves, a drawing of a beautiful flower, etc. Encourage your kids to ask questions about what they observe (Why do birds need to build nests? Why is this flower so brightly colored?) and explain to them that scientists collect research by doing exactly what they’re doing now. Materials Needed Blank journal or notebook Pens/pencils/crayons/markers Tape or glue for adding items to the journal #15: DIY Solar Oven Teaches Kids About: Solar energy Difficulty Level: Hard Messiness Level: Medium This homemade solar oven definitely requires some adult help to set up, but after it’s ready you’ll have your own mini oven that uses energy from the sun to make s’mores or melt cheese on pizza. While the food is cooking, you can explain to kids how the oven uses the sun’s rays to heat the food. Materials Needed Pizza box Aluminum foil Knife or box cutter Permanent marker Ruler Glue Plastic cling wrap Black construction paper Tape #16: Animal Blubber Simulation Teaches Kids About: Ecology, zoology Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium If your kids are curious about how animals like polar bears and seals stay warm in polar climates, you can go beyond just explaining it to them; you can actually have them make some of their own blubber and test it out. After you’ve filled up a large bowl with ice water and let it sit for a few minutes to get really cold, have your kids dip a bare hand in and see how many seconds they can last before their hand gets too cold. Next, coat one of their fingers in shortening and repeat the experiment. Your child will notice that, with the shortening acting like a protective layer of blubber, they don’t feel the cold water nearly as much. Materials Needed Bowl of ice water Shortening #17: Static Electricity Butterfly Teaches Kids About: Electricity Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium This experiment is a great way for young kids to learn about static electricity, and it’s more fun and visual than just having them rub balloons against their heads. First you’ll create a butterfly, using thick paper (such as cardstock) for the body and tissue paper for the wings. Then, blow up the balloon, have the kids rub it against their head for a few seconds, then move the balloon to just above the butterfly’s wings. The wings will move towards the balloon due to static electricity, and it’ll look like the butterfly is flying. Materials Needed Cardboard Tissue paper Thick paper Pencil Scissors Glue stick/glue Balloon #18: Edible Double Helix Teaches Kids About: Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium If your kids are learning about genetics, you can do this edible double helix craft to show them how DNA is formed, what its different parts are, and what it looks like. The licorice will form the sides or backbone of the DNA and each color of marshmallow will represent one of the four chemical bases. Kids will be able to see that only certain chemical bases pair with each other. Materials Needed 2 pieces of licorice 12 toothpicks Small marshmallows in 4 colors (9 of each color) 5 paperclips Tape #19: Leak-Proof Bag Teaches Kids About: Molecules, plastics Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This is an easy experiment that’ll appeal to kids of a variety of ages. Just take a zip-lock bag, fill it about â…” of the way with water, and close the top. Next, poke a few sharp objects (like bamboo skewers or sharp pencils) through one end and out the other. At this point you may want to dangle the bag above your child’s head, but no need to worry about spills because the bag won’t leak? Why not? It’s because the plastic used to make zip-lock bags is made of polymers, or long chains of molecules that’ll quickly join back together when they’re forced apart. Materials Needed Zip-lock bags Water Objects with sharp ends (pencils, bamboo skewers, etc.) #20: How Do Leaves Breathe? Teaches Kids About: Plant science Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low It takes a few hours to see the results of this leaf experiment, but it couldn’t be easier to set up, and kids will love to see a leaf actually â€Å"breathing.† Just get a large-ish leaf, place it in a bowl (glass works best so you can see everything) filled with water, place a small rock on the leaf to weigh it down, and leave it somewhere sunny. Come back in a few hours and you’ll see little bubbles in the water created when the leaf releases the oxygen it created during photosynthesis. Materials Needed Large leaf Large bowl (preferably glass) Small rock Magnifying glass (optional) #21: Popsicle Stick Catapults Teaches Kids About: Simple machines Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low Kids will love shooting pom poms out of these homemade popsicle stick catapults. After assembling the catapults out of popsicle sticks, rubber bands, and plastic spoons, they’re ready to launch pom poms or other lightweight objects. To teach kids about simple machines, you can ask them about how they think the catapults work, what they should do to make the pom poms go a farther/shorter distance, and how the catapult could be made more powerful. Materials Needed Popsicle sticks Rubber bands Plastic spoons Pom poms Paint (optional) #22: Elephant Toothpaste Teaches Kids About: Chemical reactions Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: High You won’t want to do this experiment near anything that’s difficult to clean (outside may be best), but kids will love seeing this â€Å"elephant toothpaste† crazily overflowing the bottle and oozing everywhere. Pour the hydrogen peroxide, food coloring, and dishwashing soap into the bottle, and in the cup mix the yeast packet with some warm water for about 30 seconds. Then, add the yeast mixture to the bottle, stand back, and watch the solution become a massive foamy mixture that pours out of the bottle! The â€Å"toothpaste† is formed when the yeast removed the oxygen bubbles from the hydrogen peroxide which created foam. This is an exothermic reaction, and it creates heat as well as foam (you can have kids notice that the bottle became warm as the reaction occurred). Materials Needed Clean 16-oz soda bottle 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide 1 packet of dry yeast Water Dishwashing soap Food coloring (optional) Small cup #23: How Do Penguins Stay Dry? Teaches Kids About: Zoology Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium Penguins, and many other birds, have special oil-producing glands that coat their feathers with a protective layer that causes water to slide right off them, keeping them warm and dry. You can demonstrate this to kids with this penguin craft by having them color a picture of a penguin with crayons, then spraying the picture with water. The wax from the crayons will have created a protective layer like the oil actual birds coat themselves with, and the paper won’t absorb the water. Materials Needed Penguin image (included in link) Crayons Spray bottle Water Blue food coloring (optional) #24: Rock Weathering Experiment Teaches Kids About: Geology Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This mechanical weathering experiment teaches kids why and how rocks break down or erode. Take two pieces of clay, form them into balls, and wrap them in plastic wrap. Then, leave one out while placing the other in the freezer overnight. The next day, unwrap and compare them. You can repeat freezing the one piece of clay every night for several days to see how much more cracked and weathered it gets than the piece of clay that wasn’t frozen. It may even begin to crumble. This weathering also happens to rocks when they are subjected to extreme temperatures, and it’s one of the causes of erosion. Materials Needed Clay Plastic wrap Freezer #25: Saltwater Density Teaches Kids About: Water density Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium For this saltwater density experiment, you’ll fill four clear glasses with water, then add salt to one glass, sugar to one glass, and baking soda to one glass, leaving one glass with just water. Then, float small plastic pieces or grapes in each of the glasses and observe whether they float or not. Saltwater is denser than freshwater, which means some objects may float in saltwater that would sink in freshwater. You can use this experiment to teach kids about the ocean and other bodies of saltwater, such as the Dead Sea, which is so salty people can easily float on top of it. Materials Needed Four clear glasses Water Salt Sugar Baking soda Lightweight plastic objects or small grapes #26: Starburst Rock Cycle Teaches Kids About: Geology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium With just a package of Starbursts and a few other materials, you can create models of each of the three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Sedimentary â€Å"rocks† will be created by pressing thin layers of Starbursts together, metamorphic by heating and pressing Starbursts, and igneous by applying high levels of heat to the Starbursts. Kids will learn how different types of rocks are forms and how the three rock types look different from each other. Materials Needed Starbursts Aluminum foil Wax paper Toaster oven Towel Oven mitts #27: Inertia Wagon Experiment Teaches Kids About: Inertia Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Low This simple experiment teaches kids about inertia (as well as the importance of seatbelts!). Take a small wagon, fill it with a tall stack of books, then have one of your children pull it around then stop abruptly. They won’t be able to suddenly stop the wagon without the stack of books falling. You can have the kids predict which direction they think the books will fall and explain that this happens because of inertia, or Newton’s first law. Materials Needed Wagon Stack of books #28: Dinosaur Tracks Teaches Kids About: Paleontology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium How are some dinosaur tracks still visible millions of years later? By mixing together several ingredients, you’ll get a claylike mixture you can press your hands/feet or dinosaur models into to make dinosaur track imprints. The mixture will harden and the imprints will remain, showing kids how dinosaur (and early human) tracks can stay in rock for such a long period of time. Materials Needed Used coffee grounds Coffee Flour Salt Wax paper Bowl Wooden spoon Rolling pin #29: Sidewalk Constellations Teaches Kids About: Astronomy Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium If you do this sidewalk constellation craft, you’ll be able to see the Big Dipper and Orion’s Belt in the daylight. On the sidewalk, have kids draw the lines of constellations (using constellation diagrams for guidance) and place stones where the stars are. You can then look at astronomy charts to see where the constellations they drew will be in the sky. Materials Needed Sidewalk chalk Small stones Diagrams of constellations #30: Lung Model Teaches Kids About: Human biology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low By building a lung model, you can teach kids about respiration and how their lungs work. After cutting off the bottom of a plastic bottle, you’ll stretch a balloon around the opened end and insert another balloon through the mouth of the bottle. You’ll then push a straw through the neck of the bottle and secure it with a rubber band and play dough. By blowing into the straw, the balloons will inflate then deflate, similar to how our lungs work. Materials Needed Plastic bottle Straw Rubber band Scissors 2 balloons Play dough #31: Homemade Dinosaur Bones Teaches Kids About: Paleontology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium By mixing just flour, salt, and water, you’ll create a basic salt dough that’ll harden when baked. You can use this dough to make homemade dinosaur bones and teach kids about paleontology. You can use books or diagrams to learn how different dinosaur bones were shaped, and you can even bury the bones in a sandpit or something similar and then excavate them the way real paleontologists do. Materials Needed Flour Salt Water Images of dinosaur bones Oven #32: Clay and Toothpick Molecules Teaches Kids About: Human biology Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium There are many variations on homemade molecule science crafts. This one uses clay and toothpicks, although gumdrops or even small pieces of fruit like grapes can be used in place of clay. Roll the clay into balls and use molecule diagrams to attach the clay to toothpicks in the shape of the molecules. Kids can make numerous types of molecules and learn how atoms bond together to form molecules. Materials Needed Clay or gumdrops (in four colors) Toothpicks Diagrams of molecules #33: Articulated Hand Model Teaches Kids About: Human biology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low By creating an articulated hand model, you can teach kids about bones, joints, and how our hands are able to move in many ways and accomplish so many different tasks. After creating a hand out of thin foam, kids will cut straws to represent the different bones in the hand and glue them to the fingers of the hand models. You’ll then thread yarn (which represents tendons) through the straws, stabilize the model with a chopstick or other small stick, and end up with a hand model that moves and bends the way actual human hands do. Materials Needed Craft foam Straws (paper work best) Tape Beads Twine or yarn Scissors Chopsticks Pen #34: Solar Energy Experiment Teaches Kids About: Solar energy, light rays Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium This solar energy science experiment will teach kids about solar energy and how different colors absorb different amounts of energy. In a sunny spot outside, place six colored pieces of paper next to each other, and place an ice cube in the middle of each paper. Then, observe how quickly each of the ice cubes melt. The ice cube on the black piece of paper will melt fastest since black absorbs the most light (all the light ray colors), while the ice cube on the white paper will melt slowest since white absorbs the least light (it instead reflects light). You can then explain why certain colors look the way they do. (Colors besides black and white absorb all light except for the one ray color they reflect; this is the color they appear to us.) Materials Needed Ice cubes 6 squares of differently colored paper/cardstock (must include black paper and white paper) #35: How to Make Lightning Teaches Kids About: Electricity, weather Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Low You don’t need a storm to see lightning; you can actually create your own lightning at home. For younger kids this experiment requires adult help and supervision. You’ll stick a thumbtack through the bottom of an aluminum tray, then stick the pencil eraser to the pushpin. You’ll then rub the piece of wool over the aluminum tray, and then set the tray on the Styrofoam, where it’ll create a small spark/tiny bolt of lightning! Materials Needed Pencil with eraser Glue Aluminum tray or pie tin Wool cloth Styrofoam tray Thumbtack #36: Tie-Dyed Milk Teaches Kids About: Surface tension Difficulty Level: Easy Messiness Level: Medium For this magic milk experiment, partly fill a shallow dish with milk, then add a one drop of each food coloring color to different parts of the milk. The food coloring will mostly stay where you placed it. Next, carefully add one drop of dish soap to the middle of the milk. It’ll cause the food coloring to stream through the milk and away from the dish soap. This is because the dish soap breaks up the surface tension of the milk by dissolving the milk’s fat molecules. Materials Needed Shallow dish Milk (high-fat works best) Food coloring Dish soap #37: How Do Stalactites Form? Teaches Kids About: Geology Difficulty Level: Medium Messiness Level: Medium Have you ever gone into a cave and seen huge stalactites hanging from the top of the cave? Stalactites are formed by dripping water. The water is filled with particles which slowly accumulate and harden over the years, forming stalactites. You can recreate that process with this stalactite experiment. By mixing a baking soda solution, dipping a piece of wool yarn in the jar and running it to another jar, you’ll be able to observe baking soda particles forming and hardening along the yarn, similar to how stalactites grow. Materials Needed Baking soda Safety pins 2 glass jars Wool yarn Water Summary: Cool Science Experiments for Kids Any one of these simple science experiments for kids can get children learning and excited about science. You can choose a science experiment based on your child’s specific interest or what they’re currently learning about, or you can do an experiment on an entirely new topic to expand their learning and teach them about a new area of science. From easy science experiments for kids to the more challenging ones, these will all help kids have fun and learn more about science. What's Next? Are you also interested in pipe cleaner crafts for kids? We have a guide to some of the best pipe cleaner crafts to try! Looking for multiple different slime recipes? We tell you how to make slimes without borax and without glue as well as how to craft the ultimate super slime. Want to learn more about clouds? Learn how to identify every cloud in the sky with our guide to the 10 types of clouds. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Critically evaluate the impact of social media on the business world Essay - 2

Critically evaluate the impact of social media on the business world and our life - Essay Example es users to interact between each other and exchanging details of their lives such as personal information, biographical data and professional information. The emergence of social media from web 2.0 has created a huge impact on the current scenario of commercial environment. The utilization of social media has changed the way people communicate and human relationship dynamics has taken a new perspective. The history of internet has changed drastically due to the revolution of social media and made internet technologies inclusive. Social media has become largest web presence for many businesses which overtakes email and company websites. It is really hard to find any people who does not exercise any forms of social media which can be application and websites. This essay will follow the statement about the emergence of social media has huge impact on human lives and businesses. Social media has provided people a platform that encourage them to share their views, news and opinions that are happening around the globe. Factor that enables to the growth of this technology is due to their ability of producing user-generated content. At an unprecedented level, social media allows users to connect with each other. It has become inevitable part of human lives. Social media has created a global reach for human beings via internet. The benefit of social media on human lives is enormous as it helps users to share knowledge, information and communicate. Advantages of social media are discussed below: Social media enrich human lives by helping them to communicate effectively and regularly with other people. In earlier days, technology used to be more intensive and it required experts to handle it. But over the period, development of technology and platforms helped users to actively use the services without requirement of any expertise in technological background. Social media acts as a wonderful communication tool for people to interact with each other at any place and time.

The Yes Men Fix the World (2009) movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Acetic acid from methanol - Essay Example This substance freezes at -97.6oC, boils at 64.6oC as well as having a density of 791Kg/m3 at 20oC. This stream is effective using cobalt iodine as a catalyst. The reaction occurs at around 250oC and at pressure of up to 10,000 psi. However, the Rhodium-catalysis of methanol, carbonylation step is extremely selective and works under mild reaction pressure of about 500 psi. The given approach of syngas manufacture entail steam reforming, carbon dioxide reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, as well as autothermal reform. The raw items needed in this stream include steam, methane, and oxygen, while the basic byproduct is carbon dioxide. Crude methanol may be distilled, to get rid of water and by-products generated during methanol synthesis, to output methanol. This is carried out by Motunui in Distillation III and IV that are together at 2000 t/d of production The procedure generated by Lurgi Corporation for synthesis of methanol comprises of reactor working at temperature 250 – 2600C with a pressure of 50 – 60 bar. Heat of reaction is gotten rid by circulating water on shell side which in turn produces high pressure steam necessary for other applications. Steam reforming is taken out at 850 – 8600C. Desulphurized naphta is interacted with steam within this temperature to generate hydrogen and carbon oxides. The syngas generated is compressed to 50 – 80 bar before being consumed into methanol reactor. The second path, heavy residues are put into the furnace together with steam and hydrogen at 1400 – 14500C with working pressure of 55 – 60 bar of which it needs no compression. The slowest step of this cycle is the following migratory incorporation of co to generate Iridium-acyl species, F that entails the removal of ionic iodine and the amalgamation of extra CO ligand. This may propose a complete type of rate law: The

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus - Essay Example Sigmund Freud mentions that the repressed attraction may cause a form of psychodrama. This psychodrama has affected Hamlet to the point of losing his senses. Moreover, Hamlet had lost interest in his girlfriend Ophelia indicating that his sexual attraction had shifted to his mother. Sigmund Freud highlighted that sons attracted to their mothers do not seek for love from other members of the society. They have a conviction that their mother is the best. However, this does not happen consciously. The unconscious mind, which bears these thoughts, exerts influence on the conscious mind. Hamlet’s obsession with the issues surrounding his mother’s remarriage compelled him to leave Ophelia completely prompting her to commit suicide. The fact that Hamlet exhibited extreme anger towards his mother who had married Claudius, instead of focusing on the revenge mission, prompted Freud to see the effects of the Oedipus complex. Evidently, Sigmund Freud received criticism for his theo ry of the Oedipus complex. Many scholars focused on conducting psychoanalysis of the play after Freud associated what had happened to Oedipus with the mysteries surrounding the play Hamlet. The Oedipus complex is a repressed attraction in the unconscious mind. However, there are instances when it gets too strong and reveals itself. Boys are likely to be jealous of their fathers because of the repressed attraction. As highlighted above, both Hamlet and Oedipus depicted behaviors that served to ascertain that they were victims of the Oedipus complex.

Compare Samsung and McDonald's Job design and how Samsung can further Essay

Compare Samsung and McDonald's Job design and how Samsung can further enrich its workers - Essay Example The corporation is incapable of meeting the need of the entire task or ensuring they are assigned the right task. Consequently, this leads to the job affecting the staff negatively (Williams, Hall & Champion, 2011, 48). The job can be seen to be rather monotonous, repetitive and boring and there is no room for employee’s skills to grow. The employees do not get any kind of challenges career wise (Parker & Wall, 1998, 34). On the other hand, Samsung is a large electronic corporation which is established on a global level. The job design is a bit more sophisticated as compared to McDonalds given the technical nature of its operations. At Samsung, the staffs work in different departments depending on one’s specialty (Electric Company & Soscher, 1990, 26). These include public relations, program designers, sales engineers, field test engineers and others. There are managers who handle each department and are responsible for their performance. In addition, there is also an overall general manager who sees to the running of everything in the corporation (Stones, 1989, 72). The employees get on job training that helps them improve on their skills and ascertain that they are able to execute their duties to the best of their ability. In addition, when employees have the right skills to perform their tasks they are likely to be more satisfied (Kusluvan, 2003, 16). Samsung can further enrich its workers by offering training on other skills or areas of expertise. This will help to broaden their scope of knowledge and skills, and consequently ensure employees stay happy at the organization (Reilly & Williams, 2012, 56). General Electric Company, & Sorcher, M. 1990. Achieving Productive Motivation Through Job Design; A Research Program Being Carried Out By Behavioral Research Service In Collaboration With Manufacturing Operations

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus - Essay Example Sigmund Freud mentions that the repressed attraction may cause a form of psychodrama. This psychodrama has affected Hamlet to the point of losing his senses. Moreover, Hamlet had lost interest in his girlfriend Ophelia indicating that his sexual attraction had shifted to his mother. Sigmund Freud highlighted that sons attracted to their mothers do not seek for love from other members of the society. They have a conviction that their mother is the best. However, this does not happen consciously. The unconscious mind, which bears these thoughts, exerts influence on the conscious mind. Hamlet’s obsession with the issues surrounding his mother’s remarriage compelled him to leave Ophelia completely prompting her to commit suicide. The fact that Hamlet exhibited extreme anger towards his mother who had married Claudius, instead of focusing on the revenge mission, prompted Freud to see the effects of the Oedipus complex. Evidently, Sigmund Freud received criticism for his theo ry of the Oedipus complex. Many scholars focused on conducting psychoanalysis of the play after Freud associated what had happened to Oedipus with the mysteries surrounding the play Hamlet. The Oedipus complex is a repressed attraction in the unconscious mind. However, there are instances when it gets too strong and reveals itself. Boys are likely to be jealous of their fathers because of the repressed attraction. As highlighted above, both Hamlet and Oedipus depicted behaviors that served to ascertain that they were victims of the Oedipus complex.

Company Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Company Research - Assignment Example The company will be sponsoring FIFA world cup, it is launching a new website and it has over 400 offices in the US. Farmers insurance Inc. is an insurance company based in Los Angeles but with sub branches all over the nation. It deals with insurance and its contact information is https://www.farmers.com/careers.html and 1-800-435-7764. I would like to be a customer relations person as the job is flexible and I would be my own boss. This is the positive aspect but the negative one is that the company requires all employees to own cars. It has one of its values as curiosity, it hires fresh graduates and it has numerous agents with easy contact. The best company to work for is Google not only because it’s the best in Fortune 500 in 2013 but also because of its great culture which is the positive aspect of the company. Google is a search engine whose contact information is http://www.google.com/about/company/ and phone number is +1650-253-0000. It is located in Mountain View California. The best job position is on the management team because of the power and authority not to mention prestige. Its negative aspect is the wavering working hours. It is owned by young people, serves millions worldwide and was founded in

Innovation in Hospitality Essay Example for Free

Innovation in Hospitality Essay Innovation is seen as difficult in many countries around the world, innovation strategies are not inclusive to all countries but vary in each country. To minimise the situation within these countries many firms in particular small business see innovation as a high financial commitment that may also be very risky to the business operations. The reason for this tendency is due to the limited hospitality innovation studies needed as a foundation to support managements perception of the theory. The availability of studies has the ability to encourage innovation that may not be detrimental to finances depending on the level of innovation selected. However innovation brings many other barriers and challenges that hinder the successful implementation of innovation: unqualified employees, knowledge, lack of understanding of the relationship between product and the market, high staff culture turnover, strategy-related factors etc. On the other hand hospitality firms used the following three approaches to innovation to successfully undertake innovation: innovation process strategy, continuous improvement theory and strategy as practice perspective. These innovation approaches are used a survival tool to combat against competition and it brings about benefits to the business: improved quality and brand image, knowledge sharing, customer satisfaction, increase in profits. Is innovation difficult within the hospitality industry.? First of all it may be useful to know what is the definition of innovation. Most definitions of innovation vary across the industry. Bessant and Francis (1999) defined innovation as an organisations wide process of sustained and focused incremental innovation where as Cooper (2002) defined innovation as the innovation process strategy for driving new food concepts from the initial stage right through to the final stage.

Organizational Structure of Proctor and Gamble

Organizational Structure of Proctor and Gamble Procter Gamble The company I have chosen for the assignment of managing change in organization is Procter Gamble. The company is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. It is 6th in Fortunes Most Admired Companies 2010 list. PG is credited with many business innovations including brand management and the soap opera. History and Background of Company In 1887 PG institutes a pioneering profit-sharing program that gives employees an ownership stake in the Company. This significant innovation helps employees connect their vital roles with the Companys success. In 1924 PG becomes the first company to conduct deliberate, data-based market research with consumers. This forward-thinking approach enables us to improve consumer understanding, anticipate consumer needs and respond with products that improve their everyday life. In 1994 PG becomes one of the first companies to formally respond to consumer correspondence by establishing the Consumer Relations department. The addition of toll-free phone numbers in 1973 and e-mail in the 1980s further enhance consumers ability to contact us and keep the consumer at the heart of all we do. In 1995 Crest is co developed with Indiana University. This collaboration delivers a product that is a breakthrough in the use of fluoride to protect against tooth decay, the second-most prevalent disease at the time. In 2002 PG develops Naturella feminine pads specifically to meet the needs of low-income women in Latin America. Based on deep consumer understanding, Naturella responds to consumers desire for freshness with chamomile, a unique ingredient never before used in feminine care products. In 2005 High Frequency Stores common in developing markets emerge as our largest customer channel. Consisting of nearly 20 million stores across the world, HFS represents a particular opportunity in fast-growing, low-income markets. Through HFS, we connect to consumers with affordable products and packaging specially designed for their needs. Investigation Organizational Structure of Procter Gamble General definition of Organization structure: Organizational structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision-making processes. Developing an organizational structure that effectively supports the firms strategy is difficult, especially because of the uncertainty (or unpredictable variation) about cause-effect relationships in the global economys rapidly changing and dynamic competitive environments. When a structures elements (e.g., reporting relationships, procedures, and so forth) are properly aligned with one another, that structure facilitates effective implementation of the firms strategies. Thus, organizational structure is a critical component of effective strategy implementation processes Types of organizational structure Simple Structure The simple structure is a structure in which the owner-manager makes all major decisions and moniÂÂ ­tors all activities while the staff serves as an extension of the managers supervisory authority. Functional Structure The functional structure is a structure consisting of a chief executive officer and a limited corporate staff, with functional line managers in dominant organizational areas, such as production, accounting, marketing, RD, engineering, and human resources. Multidivisional structure The multidivisional (M-form) structure conÂÂ ­sists of operating divisions, each representing a separate business or profit center in which the top corporate offiÂÂ ­cer delegates responsibilities for day-to-day operations and business-unit strategy to division managers. Procter Gamble The structure of the Procter and Gamble is multidivisional structure. Because the simple structure is used in a small organization where the owner works as a manager and take all the big decision for the company. Typically, the owner-manager actively works in the business on a daily basis. Informal relationships, few rules, limited task specialization, and unsophisticated information systems describe the simple structure. Frequent and inforÂÂ ­mal communications between the owner-manager and employees make it relatively easy to coordinate the work that is to be done. Functional structure is used for the organization which is growing but relatively small organization. This structure allows for functional specialization, thereby facilitating active sharing of knowledge within each functional area. Knowledge sharing facilitates career paths as well as the professional development of functional specialists. However, a functional orientation can have a negative effect on communicatio n and coordination among those repreÂÂ ­senting different organizational functions. Because of this, the CEO must work hard to verify that the decisions and actions of individual business functions promote the entire firm rather than a single function. Procter gamble is a relatively big organization with a business spread internationally so they are using multidivisional structure. The multidivisional structure of PG consists of operating divisions, each rep-resenting a separate business or profit center in which the top corporate officer deleÂÂ ­gates responsibilities for day-to-day operations and business-unit strategy to division managers. Each division represents a distinct, self-contained business with its own functional hierarchy. As initially designed, the M-form was thought to have three major benefits: (1) it enabled corporate officers to more accurately monitor the perÂÂ ­formance of each business, which simplified the problem of control (2) it facilitated comparisons between divisions, which improved the resource allocation process; and (3) it stimulated managers of poorly performing divisions to look for ways of improvÂÂ ­ing performance. Active monitoring of performance through the M-form increases the likelihood that decisions made by managers heading individual units will be in shareholders best interests. Brands and Products Brands Beauty and Grooming Products Some of the most famous products of beauty and Grooming brands are as under: CoverGirl Dolce Gabbana Puma Gillette Health and Well-Being Some of the most famous products of Health and Well-Being brand are as under: Vicks Oral-B Always Household Care Some of the most famous products of Household Care brand are as under: Ariel Bounce Bounty Background to Change In January 1999, Jager, a PG veteran became the new CEO taking charge at a time when PG was in the midst of a corporate restructuring exercise that started in September 1998. Jager faced the challenging task of revamping PGs operations and marketing practices. Soon after taking over as the CEO, Jager told analysts that he would overhaul product development, testing and launch processes. The biggest obstacle for Jager was PGs culture. Jager realized the need to change the mindset of the PG employees who had been used to lifetime employment and a conservative management style. On July 1, 1999, PG officially launched the Organization 2005 program. It was a program of six-year duration, during which, PG planned to retrench 15,000 employees globally. The cost of this program was estimated to be $1.9 billion and it was expected to generate an annual savings (after tax deductions) of approximately $900 million per annum by 2004. Change in Organization Structure Till 1998, PG had been organized along geographic lines with more than 100 profit centers. Under Organization 2005 program, PG sought to reorganize its organizational structure from four geographically-based business units to five product-based global business units Baby, Feminine Family Care, Beauty Care, Fabric Home Care, Food Beverages, and Health Care. Internal Change The change the PG going to make internally is starting new business unit in the organizational structure. This change probably effects the whole organization. Because it must share the organization sources financial as well as human resources. External change Environment is changing rapidly so the organization also needs to be a dynamic to cater the environment change. PG is the big organization so its new business unit definitely effects the environment and creates a new market. The Mistakes Committed The Organization 2005 program faced several problems soon after its launch. Analysts were quick to comment that Jager committed a few mistakes which proved costly for PG. For instance, Jager had made efforts in January 2000 to acquire Warner-Lambert and American Home Products. Contrary to PGs cautious approach towards acquisitions in the 1990s, this dual acquisition would have been the largest ever in PGs history, worth $140 billion. However, the stock market greeted the news of the merger negotiations by selling PGs shares, which prompted Jager to exit the deal. Implementing Strategies to Revive PG In June 2000, Alan George Lafley (Lafley), a 23-year PG veteran popularly known as AG, took over as the new President and CEO of PG. The major difference between Lafley and Jager was their style of functioning. Soon after becoming CEO, Lafley rebuilt the management team and made efforts to improve PGs operations and profitability. Lafley transferred more than half of PGs 30 senior most officers, an unprecedented move in PGs history. Building Diversity in the Organization At PG, we believe in taking advantage of all the unique and special differences that our employees possess and leveraging them to the fullest. Since diversity is a business strategy for PG, our efforts are focused on bringing in people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds with remarkably diverse lives and career experiences. Organizations that are in touch are far more capable of understanding consumers from all walks of life. They are far more capable of understanding, appreciating and leveraging their own diversity. They are more capable of tapping the diversity of outside partners. Our recruiting efforts target universities all over Pakistan and are aimed at bringing in people with different leadership and thinking styles. Today, our organization draws from more than 30 schools and universities. We also focus on gender diversity by targeting women at universities for females and holding diversity sessions for female students on campuses. Women offer a different perspective that is crucial to our success. We aim to balance not only organizational diversity but also diversity within the various departments. Women make up about 25 percent of the workforce at PG Pakistan. To stress this goal to our employees, PG Pakistan has introduced many initiatives. To avoid defining our diversity objectives too narrowly and limiting them to percentages and representations of certain groups, PG has made tremendous recruiting efforts and has launched programs such as flexible work arrangements and the day-care center. Diversity is respected and required across all levels of the company. In fact, diversity action plans are developed in each region of the world to give local diversity strategies the best chance of success. Change Management Model: Dealing With Change 1. Denial The first response to a significant change is often shock, a general refusal to recognise the information. In this way we protect ourselves from being overwhelmed. Common responses include: Denying: This cant be happening. Ignoring: Wait till it blows over. Minimizing: It just needs a few minor adjustments. It is possible to continue working in the denial phase, but sooner or later the impact hits home and a personal response is required. Management Approach OF PG Be up front with information to individuals and groups of staff. Let them know that change is going to occur. Acknowledge their fears of change as legitimate. Explain what to expect and suggest actions they can take to adjust to the change. Give them time to let things sink in, and then have a planning session to talk things through. 2. Resistance In this phase things often seem to get worse. Personal distress levels rise. It is common to spend time looking for someone or something to blame, or to spend time complaining about the new set-up. Resistance is about fear of change. People may become physically ill, feel all sorts of physical, emotional, and/or mental symptoms. Some people may doubt their ability to survive the change. During this phase there is a greater focus on mourning the past, more than preparing for the future. Many people want to avoid the situation or pretend it is not happening, sometimes by moving back into denial. The self-acknowledgement of feelings being experienced, will ready people to move more quickly to the next phase. Management Approach of PG Listen, acknowledge feelings, respond empathetically, encourage support. Dont try to talk people out of their feelings, or tell them to change or pull together. If you accept their response, they will continue to feel they are able to tell you how they are feeling. This will help you respond to some of their concerns. Use questions to stimulate broader thinking and perspective setting. 3. Exploration After a period of struggle, individuals and organizations usually emerge from their negativity, breathe a sigh of relief, and shift into a more positive, hopeful, future-focused phase. People realize they are going to make it through OK. It can be as subtle as just feeling better, or as obvious as sleeping through the night for the first time since the change started. The timing is different for each person. New directions do not emerge all at once. Rather, what emerges first is the energy to put a search into action. People begin to discover and explore new ways, to start clarifying goals, assessing resources, exploring alternatives, and experimenting with new possibilities. A motivation to swing into action occurs without trying first to find the right way. It is important to resist completing the exploration phase too soon by accepting something less than what the person is capable of. This is a period of high energy, with creativity at its peak. Management Approach of PG Focus on priorities and provide any needed training. Follow-up on projects underway. Set short-term goals. Conduct brainstorming, visioning and planning sessions. Foster all learning opportunities to help overcome fear of change. 4. Commitment Finally, the individual has broken through the problems, discovered new ways of doing things and/or adapted to the new situation. The commitment phase begins with focus on a new course of action. This could be new ways of doing the job, or finding a new job. The successful commitment to a new course of action shows there has been learning growth and adaptation on the part of the individual. Management Approach of PG Set long-term goals. Concentrate on teambuilding. Create a mission statement. Validate and reward those responding to the change. Look ahead. Strategies pursuing by the Procter and Gamble Strategy 1 Delight the consumer with sustainable innovations that improve the environmental profile of our products. Strategy 2 Improve the environmental profile of PGs own operations. Strategy 3 Improve childrens lives through PGs social responsibility programs. Strategy 4 Engage and equip all PG employees to build sustainability thinking and practices into their everyday work. Strategy 5 Shape the future by working transparently with our stakeholders to enable continued freedom to innovate in a responsible way. Resistance and its Handling y PG Strong resistance to change is often rooted in deeply conditioned or historically reinforced feelings. Patience and tolerance are required to help people in these situations to see things differently. Bit by bit. There are examples of this sort of gradual staged change everywhere in the living world. PG the Psychological Contract is a significant aspect of change, and offers helpful models and diagrams in understanding and managing change potentially at a very fundamental level. Also, certain types of people the reliable/dependable/steady/habitual/process-oriented types often find change very unsettling. People who welcome change are not generally the best at being able to work reliably, dependably and follow processes. The reliability/dependability capabilities are directly opposite character traits to mobility/adaptability capabilities. Certain industries and disciplines have a high concentration of staff who need a strong reliability/dependability personality profile, for example, health services and nursing, administration, public sector and government departments, utilities and services; these sectors will tend to have many staff with character profiles who find change difficult. Age is another factor. Erik Eriksons fascinating Psychosocial Theory is helpful for understanding that peoples priorities and motivations are different depending on their stage of life. The more you understand peoples needs, the better you will be able to manage change. Be mindful of peoples strengths and weaknesses. Not everyone welcomes change. Take the time to understand the people you are dealing with, and how and why they feel like they do, before you take action.