Company Analysis: Wal-Mart Essay

Wal-mart Stores Inc is a United States based company started in 1962 in Arkansas. The company has grown exponentially to open branches in many parts of the world. It operates in three formats: United States based segment, abroad/international segment, and Sam’s Club. Through the three segments, the company owns and runs stores (retail and discount), chains of supermarkets and supercentres, and websites affiliated with the company. In those stores and supermarkets, one can buy foodstuffs, beverages, dairy products, and meat, among many other foodstuffs, electronics, accessories, cloth ware, and many other things. More than retail, the company offers financial services through banks and electronic payments. The company’s retail units are estimated to be around 10,800 all spread in about 27 countries all over the world. Wal-mart Stores Inc. has been listed in top 10 of the world’s 500 biggest companies by Forbes (Fishman 16). An analysis of the company reveals that it is growing remarkably well in spite of the turbulent economic times being experienced in America and many parts of Europe. Corporate and business strategy formulated by the company have enabled it transcend many challenges that have littered its path of progress. This paper will identify the company’s current mission and review its strategies and objectives. The financial status of the company will be analyzed by using financial rations, income data, and balanced sheet data. Additionally, internal strengths and weaknesses will be analyzed using SWOT model. External opportunities and threats will be analyzed using PESTEL and Porter’s five forces model analysis. Based on those analyses, the mission and strategies of the company will be revised. Corporate and business strategies that will enable the company achieve its mission and objectives will be developed and discussed, and appropriate recommendations made. Actions needed to implement the strategies that will be formulated will be outlined. Appropriate long term objectives in areas of marketing, human resources, finance, operations, and information systems will be developed. The results expected will be specified including pro forma financial statements. Lastly, procedural recommendations will be made for strategy review and evaluation. Specific measures to be utilized will be documented. Mission, Objectives, and Strategies Wall-mart growth in recent years has seen it overtake other companies to become the biggest retailer in the world. With a customer base exceeding 200 million customers annually and over 2. 5 million employees, the company’s sales are expected to surpass the $2 billion achieved in 2012 (Roberts, Bryan, & Natalie 14). Low prices and provision of high quality customer care service continue to be the drivers of the company’s growth. The strategies have revolved around attracting and retaining customers by low pricing and great customer care services. The low pricing is achieved by constant pressure on suppliers to lower their prices and redesign all services and products. The company’s mission is summarized in one sentence, â€Å"Save people money so they could live better† (Roberts, Bryan, & Natalie 34). Their objective is thus to lower the prices of their commodities so that customers are happy and satisfied. The low price strategy is premised on the knowledge that large volumes dispensed at a low price will compensate for the lowered price. By putting customers first, the company has survived tough economic times. Through its management strategy, transitions have been achieved efficiently. In recent years, the company has formulated a public affairs strategy that is meant to help it penetrate new markets, in the United States and Internationally. Political climate inevitably determines the success of a company. For that reason, Wall-mart has commissioned a political action committee that is tasked with the responsibility of networking with politicians that will help the company realize its goals in various places around the world. The company has short and long term objectives geared towards maintaining growth. The objectives are aligned to the strategy of low price and customer satisfaction. In the short term, Wall-mart intends to achieve a 95% level of customer satisfaction. In the long term, the company plans to stock all kind of merchandise for diverse customers retailing at low prices. In 2012, Wall-mart launched five central strategies for growth (Roberts, Bryan, & Natalie 24). The first strategy, developing our people, recognizes the supremacy of customers and empowered employees in any business venture. It aims to develop existing talent within the company by use of development programmes. The company also seeks to recruit new talents that are exceptional so as to remain competitive. Towards this strategy, the company plans to partner with Walton Institute and enhance its leadership series so as to produce the next generation of leaders for the company. There are plans to improve diversity and inclusivity in the hiring process. The company has thus committed to champion affirmative action by hiring women and other marginalized groups and investing in their career development. The second strategy is driving the productivity loop. The company aims to lower operation cost so that prices can be reduced further. The third strategy, labeled Wining in Global ecommerce seeks to harness the power of information technology in driving growth. The launch of @WalmartLabs is the precursor to this strategy and there are plans to replicate it in other countries such as Britain and Canada. With a growing online population, the company plans to expand its presence in social media so as to reach as many people as possible. The fourth strategy involves reinvigoration of the customer-centered culture. The growth of the company has been driven by the company and as indicated earlier, there is a strategy to hit a 95% customer satisfaction. The last strategy is directed towards retention of legitimacy and maintaining a good relationship with the society and community around the company’s premises and beyond. Dubbed Leading on social and environment issues, the strategy will drive Wall-marts corporate social responsibility activities. Through philanthropy, educational support, and women empowerment, the company intends to promote and maintain its corporate integrity.

Public Fear of Terrorism

IntroductionTerrorism has become a global challenge, which must be fought by collaborative efforts.   Indeed the war against terrorism takes many forms and shapes.   For instance while traditionally the homeland security has been concerned with fighting terrorism from a military point of view; there is a need for it to be empowered to better deal with terrorism from different dimensions. A new challenge is emerging; that is, the way the media is handling the terrorism and especially how it reports and covers terrorism incidences.Media plays a very important role in shaping public opinion in many issues including terrorism.   Media coverage of terrorist activities shapes how terrorism events are constructed in the minds of the public.   Of late there are clear indications of general fear in the public to the extent that, whatever the media reports, is seen as a representation of the real situation on the ground.   There is alot of freedom in the media. With so many freelance journalists who are eager to make an extra dime at the expense of the general public.Indeed, there is little control over the journalists especially the freelance journalists.   The criminal justice has little control over the sifting of information to the general public.   The seemingly free-flow for news in the media means that, whoever comes out with the ‘best’ news is likely to receive the most attention.   The craving for news has seen the freelance journalists keen on making quick money violate journalism code of conduct and therefore failing to put into consideration professionalism but become only concerned about getting the most enticing news.Unlike in the past when the media would take the time to censor the news they released to the public, nowadays some television channels air some uncensored images.   This has greatly impacted negatively on the media authenticity.   Some media houses are less concerned about the moral implications of such images to the general public. Irresponsible coverage of terrorism activities affects the public by inflicting fear amongst the public especially the uncensored images and broadcasts zoomed by television channels and the internet.   The consistency with which such images are aired has also come to have a bearing on the increased fear levels amongst the general public.Indeed most media houses flout media rules and are only concerned with getting the mission accomplished.   The criminal justice has largely become incapable of reigning on the media.   This can be explained by lack of effective laws to deal with emerging challenges.   One area where law enforcers are facing challenges when it comes to reigning on offenders who violate the media laws is the fact that, some of the sources of the media images and reports which turn out to have negative effect on the general public originate outside the US and those local media houses which air them bear no responsibility as they act as thi rd parties and are in no way responsible for the contents of the reports (White, Jonathan, 2006).With globalization the world has become a small village whereby information is exchanged within a very short time. As a result, most of the information which reaches the American public, does not necessarily originate within America media.   The truth of the matter is that, Americans have a choice to tune into any media channel they feel free to. This is not in any way regulated by the state and as such, what the public consumes in terms of information cannot be filtered by state law enforcement agents (Nicholas, William, 2005).Taking the example of international media houses, which broadcast, to the whole world, they are in the first place not bound by the American laws nor can the American public be denied access to such.   As a result, whatever information they broadcast concerning terrorism ends up being consumed by the American public.   This is very hard to regulate.   The advancement of the Internet has brought with it very complex challenges especially in terms of authenticity.It is very hard to know which source to trust.   With the craving for news, the public tends to search for any site, whether incredible or not which purports to inform the public.   There are many bogus websites which go to the lengths of capturing live some terrible terrorism activities such as beheading of those captured by terrorists.   As a result, this has really formed a great avenue for fear amongst the general American public.   In addition, there are not many programs or efforts designed to pre-empty the propaganda which some websites linked to terrorists desire to perpetrate in the American public.The other major problem is the fact that, the laws governing the internet use are at best lax and are not effective to deal with those who decide to use the internet as a media of perpetrating fear amongst the general American public.   Efforts of the government t o curb the use of Internet as a propaganda tool led to the introduction of amendments to the privacy acts.   As a result, the government has come under fierce criticism for infringing on the rights of people to access information.   This shows how challenging the fight against the phenomenon has become.In addition the media has strong unions here in the US which means that, it is not easy for the criminal justice to intervene even in cases where it is evident that, the media is causing a great measure of suffering to the public through the broadcasting of information which is uncensored.   The homeland security has a duty to intervene in the dilemma but only to the extent whereby the source of such negligence lies within its jurisdiction.   Globalization and a culture of consumerism in the American society makes it impossible for the homeland security to impose any meaningful checks and balances to protect Americans from suffering from the fear that has gripped the general A merican public (Nakaya, Andea, 2005). Indeed, the public cannot be practically protected from the effects of bad media practices today.   It is up to the public to learn to choose what they can listen to or watch.Recommendation for solving the above problem include; the enactment of tough laws which would see only the most professional media houses get the licence to broadcast in the US.   In addition the homeland security should engage in awareness campaigns meant to make the public to understand that, not every media source has credible and correct coverage on terrorism and that some media sources are actually being used by terrorists for propaganda purposes and believing in them is giving credibility to the terrorists.   In conclusion, there is a need for the criminal justice to work with the information department to reign on the media houses which if unchecked are likely to continue inflicting fear on the public and therefore affect public support on the war against terro rism.ReferenceNakaya, Andea, C. Ed (2005).   Homeland Security.   Detroit:   Greenhaven Press pp. 191.Nicholas, William C. ed. (2005). Homeland Security Law and policy.   Springfield.   Pp. 377.White, Jonathan. (2006). Terrorism and Homeland Security.   Wadsworth (5th ed.).   California:   Thomson.

Imitation a story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imitation a story - Essay Example The main objective of writing a script is to be clear, concise and accurate. First, the headline is expected to give a summary of the story and catches the attention of the reader (Simnet & reed 2). The lead paragraph should consist of simple sentences. Moreover, the sentences should be constructed using one subject and one verb. The writer is expected to avoid the use of words such as however or furthermore as they complicate the sentence. The first paragraph is expected to contain a placeline. A placeline captures the attention of the reader and introduces the story. The 5 W’s of writing should be answered with the first paragraph. The 5W consists of questions such as what happened, Where, Why and Who (Simnett & Reed 2). The first paragraph contains the most important information about the story. The script is also expected to transition smoothly from one paragraph to the next. The writer should avoid repetition and is encouraged to use direct quotations as they add to the a ccuracy of the information. The simple sentence structure is Subject-Verb-Object (Allen 13). The story should be based on factual events. The language of the article should not describe the news. The writer is expected to let the listeners decide whether the news is good or bad (Allen 14). Pompeii - 2000 people died owing to a volcanic eruption in the Italian region of Campania. The eruption of Mt. Vesavius occurred on Tuesday at 4:15am. The eruption occurred unexpectedly destroying the entire city in its wake. A spokesman for the refugees of the city claimed that people were unprepared for the unexpected tragedy. One witness told BBC that the inhabitants of the city were reluctant to leave their homes, believing that the impact of the eruption would not affect them. On a visit to the region of Campania, the Senator said, â€Å"Only the gods can explain why this catastrophe would befall such a beautiful city.† The senator told the citizens of Campania that the tragedy was an

IT Project Management and group activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Project Management and group activity - Essay Example Performance-centric approach of the senior management enabled the team to identify associated bottlenecks in the operational environment. Teamwork acts as a positive influence on creativity, productive synergies, independent and collective decision making, strategic concept development and organizational culture and leadership. These positive changes were noticed in good measure during the duration of the project and the subsequent learning outcomes delineated the success parameters of each task according to the guidelines. Diverse skills of team members were utilized in their respective areas of specialty thus leading to all benefits associated with the clear division of labor. The project plan was initiated with clearly defined targets and phases of activity that were put through the whole process with well balanced steps. Team leadership was particularly impressive in establishing a close rapport with team members whose contribution was measured in relation to a set of motivation factors. Though some positive synergies were recorded through this process, there were some shortcomings as well. For instance being mobile from one place to the other during the week entailed a lot of time waste in sending multiple e-mails and a rise costs. Further team leader’s instructions weren’t received by all team members in the same manner and as result there were some discrepancies in performance. However, overall success of the project cannot be denied due to its proper

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

Case Study - Essay Example This will help in determining how the function focuses the dynamism of the course work. This leads to the determination of accountability measures. I will let students know how I will measure the success rates and share awareness of what they will work towards. This helps them avoid a drift off from the objective. It is helpful to rewrite the measures on clear understanding and referring back to them. Establishing group norms and agreements gives each student a choice to contribute while providing accountability for all. Even though, the class approaches are used with most adult groups, using them on children inspires more friendly norms while offering students opportunities of growth. Children based on their ages might foresee things such as respect for each other and respective idea. Several mechanisms support successful collaboration of the student goals and child welfare prospects. Some unfortunate consequences lead students to ostensibly serve systems to receive inadequate education services. Focus groups help in advancing education goals while students learn how systems within classrooms work collaboratively. The approach reports the successful practices and barriers for the identification of participants affecting the educational principles functioning in the lives of children under my care (Montiel 282). One of the barriers is shared individual accountability for the work while the groups allow wholesome assessments. It is prudent to complete individual tasks and reconvene to expedite the sharing of individual works and synthesizing information. Accountability is one of the factors of working groups where the teacher finds effective and creative ways in monitoring multiple groups that work within the classroom (Montiel 284). The assignment rules are helpful, and students work to analyze the education objectives. Collaborative learning method allows the students to learn through ways that stakeholders come together. This element

The General Principles of Financial Management Essay

The General Principles of Financial Management - Essay Example Profit maximization is the main aim for which the whole organization put in efforts too but it not the only goal of the firm as discussed above. The change in the value of firm can be measured by the change in Earnings/Share which shows the per share return to investors. (Gitman, 2006) Managers and their co-workers can not only depend on the main aim of an organization which is to maximize its profits. It is because of the timing of the cash received is important as the t soon as it is received is better because of the concept of time value of money. Owners receive cash in form of dividend and hence higher EPS doesn’t necessarily mean that there will be an increase in dividends as managers may increase their own bonuses instead. Maximizing profit might result in more risky investments made and hence increasing the beta of the firm so profit maximization is not the only main goal of firm. (Gitman, 2006) Question#2: Total risk of any firm can be bifurcated into two categories: a ) Diversifiable risk b) Non-diversifiable risk The diversifiable risk is one that can be diversified by taking some crude actions and making sure that firm doesn’t lose anything as a whole. This is a kind of risk that is just specific to a firm such as fire at a warehouse. This type of risk can be diversified if special precautionary measures are taken and hence it is in control of the firm to reduce such kind of risk. The chances of fire at workplace can be reduced by placing special notifications at flammable spots in the factory and other working areas. Therefore, this kind of risk is usually referred to as firm-specific-risk or nonsystematic risk. The non-diversifiable risk is the one that is out of firms own control and affects all firms in the industry with the same effect on each of them. This kind of risk is not avoidable and hence no contingency planning can help any firm in this case. The example of this kind of risk is when government increases the tax rate of the firms, they all have to bear it and none can take any step to avoid such an alteration in law. Therefore these kinds of risks are known as market risk or unsystematic risk as well. Therefore it is said that if you can’t do anything about something you just bear with it and hence nonsystematic risk is usually considered to be irrelevant while making long-term decisions. (Niehaus, 1999) Question#3: Weighted marginal cost of capital is the cost of borrowing/financing next extra dollar. The graph that portrays the cost of capital of a firm can be used to identify WMCC. The graph shows the discount rate that is applicable at each point or dollar of financing that is required. Marginal cost of capital is the rate that the firm will pay in return to its financings achieved through a particular source. WMCC is weighted average cost of all the financings done by the firm through several sources like debt, preferred stock, common stock, debentures, loans etc. each financing activity ha s different cost attached to it like common stock bear high cost then debentures or bonds because the holders of common stock have the right to vote for the selection of board of directors and also bear a risk of not attaining anything in terms of dividends if the business make loss in any year. Bonds on the other hand have a fixed rate of interest that is to be paid to the bondholders at the end of every year regardless of the fact that business made any profit or not.

Describe the events of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

Describe the events of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Do you think there was anything the U.S. could have done to handle these two events better - Essay Example The Bay of Pigs was an unsuccesful military invasion of Cuba by the paramilitary group sponsored by the CIA in April 1961. Two years before the invasion, Fidel Castro drove his guerrilla army into Havana and overthrew the president Fulgencio Batista (an American-backed President), paving the way for the communist rule in Cuba. For two years, the U.S. state department and the CIA attempted to overthrow the communist government, thus in 1961, the CIA launched a full-scale invasion of Cuba. However, the invaders were outnumbered by the Cuban forces and were defeated within less than 24 hours of fighting. The aftermath of the invasion at the Bay of pig led to a stronger tie between the Soviet Union and Cuba with the United States perceiving Cuba as a threat (Dunne, 448–458). The Cuban missile crisis was another scenario where the cold war exploded into actual combat war. The Cuban missile crisis was a thirteen-day confrontation between the Unites States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. The Cuban missiles were a response to the invasion of the Bay of Pigs. Additionally, the presence of American missiles in Italy and Turkey that was seen by the Soviet as a threat to their security prompting retaliation from USSR. The Russian missiles in Cuba were thus stationed as a means of protecting Cuba from future harassment by America. The Cuban missile crisis was resolved following a period of negotiation between President Kennedy and Khrushchev, with Soviet Union agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba with a promise U.S will not invade Cuba without direct provocation (Schwarz, 73-81). Concerning the Bay of Pigs, the United States had little options other than to prepare a secret invasion team into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the communist government. However, to make the invasion a success, the US government ought to have done a thorough assessment of the opponent before commencement of

File System Analysis and computer forensics Research Paper

File System Analysis and computer forensics - Research Paper Example Such kind of little level tools having an added advantage of removing false information that may be maliciously adapted by the file system code. This paper discusses the the employment of file system analysis in computer forensics, using file system analysis in different fields, as in Linux and others as well as the tools used in the file system analysis. Employing File System Analysis in Computers Forensics Computer forensics is part of numerical forensic science relating to legal indication that is found in the computers as well as digital storing means. Its main objective is to inspect digital means in a forensically way of sound with the purpose of improving, conserving, recognizing and giving facts as well as opinions around a certain info. Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, (2010) assert that even though it is mostly related with the study of corruption in computers, it may as well be used in civil records. They add that it involves alike methods and even the values of recovery of dat a. The indication from computer forensics inquiries is normally exposed to the similar rules and practices of other numerical indication and has been used in several cases. They argue that it is almost becoming accepted within the U.S as well as court system in Europea (Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, 2010). ... The newly used forensic software have got their individual gears for recovering data that is deleted. The inspection of PCs from the operating system with the use of sysadmin gears to get out evidence. The process is very important when you are mostly dealing with encrypting file system (Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, 2010). Using File System Analysis: Files are actually made up of two substances that are dissimilar where each and every file has got an inode linked to it that has metadata over that file. What the file contains are stored in form of datablocks. There are only 15 block pointers in the inode in Unix. If there are data blocks of 4K, then the likelihood of the file that is going to be addressed is about 60K. Linux supports a lot of dissimilar file systems, but mutual choices for these system disk on a block devices comprise ext* family (for instance the ext2, the ext3 as well as ext4), the btrfs, ReiserFS, XFS and JFS. There is also the UBIFS, JFFS2 and YAFFS between others, that can be used for raw flash that are without a Memory Technology Device (MTD) or even Flash Translation Layer (FTL). The usually compressed read only file system is the SquashFS. The SRM Windows File System collects statistics on the disk and file system properties that is connected to the machine. The data collected here is abridged through a lot of reports that may be to some extent modified with charts in the bang manager. FAT, FAT16, FAT32 as well as NTFS are some types of sytems files that can be maintained by the SRM Windows File System Agent for Windows and also supports discovery as well as discovery and analysis types of gathering data. HFS+ are said to be the most leading file systems that are found on any Macintosh. To identify the file system, someone may be

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us Essay

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us about past lifestyles - Essay Example To effectively study the past human lifestyle, archeologists examine human remains of ancient societies and this where the human skeletons comes handy. Such human materials such as the skeletons, food remains, wrecks of buildings, and human artifacts help the archeologists to rebuild the human past lifestyle. All the information recorded about the human materials such as the human skeletons are referred to as archeological records. These records comprise of all the humans occupying the areas of interest and the remains of human material in those areas. These records are used for study through laboratory examinations of the materials and excavations and field studies. Archeologists have to excavate human graveyards and get the human skeleton to their study stations for the development of their research on the human past lifestyle. The skeletons excavated are an important source of information about the human past lifestyle. The previous and medieval burials are generally unspecified. However, they give important information on average human being that is otherwise uncommon in historical findings. They are in information about the past beliefs, handling of the dead and ritual behavior. Skeletons can provide relevant kinds of information for one to study the past human lifestyle. As a result of this fact, the archeologists have to first of all examine the physical vestiges of real people. Study of the human skeleton gives a new dimension of the human past life such as their health, and the form of their population which constitutes to their lifestyle. To study the past human lifestyle, the fundamental requirements by the archeologists include; the sex and age composition of the population, the ailments of the past, the common strains and stresses of daily life, and the appearance and physical size. Skeletons help archeologists in their study about the past human life by giving hints or actual age information about the fossils. It is not a reliable and valid method to determine age just by the size of the skeleton. Skeletons can give age information by studying the trimmings of long bones and other sections of the bones separated in the children’s skeleton. The detachments give room for the bone to grow. The separated bones, called epiphyses, all combine at distinct ages. The phase of bones combining is used by the archeologists to age an adolescent. Skeletons also provide the relevant information on age by studying the teeth system. Permanent molar grows at the age of six. However, studying the ageing skeletons to give age information is more challenging. Such information provided by the skeletons is helpful in providing information on the different diets eaten by the people in the past. From a closer look of the tooth wear in the skeletons, one can understand the kinds of foods by the past people and this closely gives the researcher the lifestyle lived by the past people. The archeologists then classify the skeletons into three pre- established categories namely; old, middle age, and young. Such information is vital in studying the different past human lifestyle according to the various age class that existed in the past age class. Another important type of information the human skeleton can provide for a comprehensive study of the past human lifestyle is the information on sex. It is challenging to use the skeletons to determine the sex of a child that had not reached the puberty stage. To easily determine the sex of an adult, archeologists look at the pelvis having in mind that, women have bowl-shaped and wide pelvis while that of men is narrow and tall. By looking at such differences in the skeletons, relevant informat

Honda in Europe Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Honda in Europe - Case Study Example The paper tells that the issue of cultural diversity, in regards to international marketing, is of utmost importance. It is, therefore, critical for Honda to treat the culture of each country in its own context. Furthermore, different countries from the European region have different cultural values, which significantly affect their thinking behaviors and actions. Honda appears to have made a grave cultural mistake while designing its global marketing strategy and, therefore, it will be very wise to understand the cultural practices and values of each country and design strategies that resonate the individual’s country’s culture. The poor performance of Honda in Europe has been thought to have resulted from the failure of the company to understand the culture of European countries and instead treating the market as a homogenous block. The differences amongst different European countries have been split between high-context versus low-context cultures – Honda ough t to design its marketing strategies to be in line with these cultural divisions, to enhance acceptability of its products in the respective countries. Ideally, Honda ought to have understood that the kind of advertisement that is suitable for low context cultures is different from that which is suitable for high context cultures. In essence, the advertisement for high-context culture should encompass an embedded approach where the weight is put on the general view and feel instead of providing the literal information.... In conclusion, it is not wise for Honda to market its products the same way in all countries because it is improbable that an advertisement intended for a low-context culture will work in a high-context culture and vice versa. Given that Europe is a multicultural block, Honda should take into account the two cultural segments when designing a market strategy. Is it wise for Honda to market its products the same way in every country? It is not wise for Honda to enter the global market with a similar strategy in every country because, actually, this is the mistake the company committed, in the past, leading to poorly performance in different regions especially in Europe. It is important to pay attention to various political, social and economic forces that influence business in different countries and design strategies that resonates to those factors. These factors are very essential because they are used to define the decisions to take when producing, selling and delivering products a nd services to consumers from different parts of the world. Honda should carefully assess the style, taste, culture and values and believes of its customers from different countries because these factors are essential when designing an international marketing plan. For instance, Honda should apply marketing mix that is unique to individual countries, based on factors such as language barrier, economic circumstances among many others. Socio- economic considerations, technically, are important factors that influence the company’s taxation, transport cost, people’s taste and needs as well as the competition from other companies. From the statistics, Honda is facing stiff competition from different regions, especially the

The United States Annexation of Hawaii Essay Example for Free

The United States Annexation of Hawaii Essay The United States annexes Hawaii in 1900 is Imperialism.Because it had to do with hawaii and their economical power.It also had to do with them other countries fighting over them.It also had to do with Hawaii being scared of countries and their territory nations. The Untied States wanted Hawaii to become a state .In 1959 the Untied states government annexed Hawaii and was later declared a state. The reason why is because British and French governments negotiation on Hawaii for economic privileges. So Hawaii was fearful that it would become one of the territory nation . So the United States signed a treat with them. Which they decalred a friendly relationship. The United States attempts to mediate in the Venezuela -Great Britain dispute in 1895 is Intervention.Because it had ivolvement with foreign power in affairs for another nation.It achieve the stronger powers. There was a dispute between Venezuela and Great Britian. That even Cleaveland invoked the Monroe Doctrine. The United States secretary toke interpretation on the Monroe Doctrine when the dispute occurred between British Guiana and Venezuela.Monroe Doctrine gave United States the authority to mediate the border dispute on the Western Hemisphere.The reason why this was happening because Venezuela and Great Britian disputed over the boundaries deprarting the Venezuela and British Guiana.The bountries claimed gold was in their territory.So thats when United Stated sent a message to the world that they would enforce the monroe Doctrine.They made it clear to them that it was going to be enforced. The United States declines to give aid to Hungarian patriots in 1849 is Isolation.Because it was remaining apart from other nations affairs. Hungary was basically classfied as a national independent country. Note:There is like nothing on Hungarian and why the United Stated declines them Ive looked everywhere I asked my mom if you have any info I will be gladly to refix this one and resubmit it.

Power and Control in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Power and Control in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein How Mary Shelley portrays the theme of power throughout her novel ‘Frankenstein’ Power is one of the most prominent themes which has coursed throughout Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The intensity of power within the novel adds to the unnatural storyline which Mary Shelley created. Power within the novel is the most obvious and perhaps the most interesting because power can come from many perspectives.The overall power is in Victor Frankenstein’s hands, an example of this is him going against the true nature of god and creating new life in which he thinks he can control and manipulate. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. This shows his dedication into looking beyond possibilities and moving one step further so he can be looked upon like a god. The quote taking nearly two years implies that if his invention is not perfect, it’s not right. Because Victor has taken nearly two years on infusing life shows his dedication no matter how long the process takes. Dangerous knowledge links with this theme because without the right knowledge the prospect of ambition is unreachable, as we come to find out later in the novel. The effect of the word ‘infusing’ gives emphasis to the giving of life, this creates a contrast into the positivity that the phrase conveys and how the story turns into a negative. The gothic novel contrasts the ways in which evil and power are shown throughout the novel. Each interpretation is different depending on the characters story and background. In the 1800s there was a high discontent because of the great depression in that era. Mary Shelley went against society to produce a novel that would make humanity question the power behind god. The full title for her novel includes The Modern Prometheus showing Shelley was clearly influenced and took her influence from earlier literature. Prometheus was said to be the wisest of all Titans who stole fire from the gods, so Mary Shelley has taken this aspect of Prometheus and used it within Frankenstein to add to her gothic style of writing. She has done this to replicate Victor as the incarnation of Prometheus. Like Prometheus, Victor is fascinated with electricity and lightening and this links with the birth of the monster. I might infuse a spark of being into this lifeless thing that lay at my feet. The indication that infusing electricity into a lifeless object is just inhumane; although the body is lifeless the overall thought is repulsive and wrong. This is because it is morally wrong and against the true nature of god as he is the only one who can create life. Using the force of the electricity to power a dead body seems impossible, but this just shows that Victor’s work is pushed past the breaking point because he wants to excel at what he does. Victor craves power therefore has to earn it. Wealth was an inferior object, but what glory would attend the discovery, ifIcould banish disease from the human frame. An inferior object this implies that Money to Victor is worthless, recognition means much more than money every will.The dream he has is creating the prospect of new life, the fact he wants to manipulate something as precious as life proves he is willing to stop at nothing to have the fame and the recognition that he thinks he deserves. â€Å"Mary Shelley has done this perhaps to prove a point, because in 1818 there were great changes in British society, and there was a significant change in science and technology so writing a book that contains what it does is going against society so she is like the Frankenstein of her era†. This could be a reflection of her life but as a powerful male. I believe that she wrote this book to satisfy her own cravings of power. (YORK NOTES PAGE 92BACKGROUND) He has gained theKnowle dge he has from the intense research that he has developed over the years. I had retrod the steps of knowledge along the paths of time. This is an example that Victor will continue to better his knowledge to purse and better his achievements. In the novel 1984 Winston works for the Ministry of Truth, meaning under no circumstance can he betray the Thought Police. All of the people in London are living like robots following commandsand because of thisWinston wants to do something about it.At first he begins to use his power for good helping the people in London, then suddenly it all becomes too much and the power he has earned goes to his head. Big brother is watching you! This is the higher power within the novel in which Winston wants to become. To be at a higher status and a leader, he wants answers therefore has to gain power to find the answers. This drive for answers is mirrored. The ideas in 1984 are reflected in Frankenstein. In Frankenstein as power is almost like a goal for Victor. He wants to achieve a powerful status. The influence of power comes from the people that surround him at university. For example M.Waldman is what Victor wants to become; his sense of power and knowledge is just inspiring.â€Å"In a thousand ways he smoothed me for the path of knowledge.† The emphasis on the phrase he smoothed me clarifies that M.Walman focused on Victors ability to allow him to progress at a higher level of science. This demonstrates that he looks up to M.Walmanas he has what Frankenstein craves the most. Power within the characters reverses throughout the novel, this could be to show that you’re not just born into power you can earn it with the correct information. The monster learns everything on his own with the help of a few books I can hardly describe to you the effects of these books. He is like a child learning for the first time although he chooses to use the power within him to destroy Frankenstein and the loved ones that surround him.Thesufferings that isolate the monster not only come from Victor but from society, this could be because the monster longs for love and companionship, however he realises he can never experience the love he sees around him so this results in the violent crimes he commits.I am malicious because I am miserable. The word malicious highlights the fact the monster knows he is evil yet its the only way he is going to get attention from Victor. He is just longing for a friend or to be accepted within society he knows that he does not look normal but he just wants to be accepted. When he realises that he will never fit in, power takes over and he wants to destroy everything and everyone in his path. Making a deal with Victor almost as if making a deal with the devil, the monster asks for a bride saying he is willing to spare Victors loved ones if he agrees to his demands. â€Å"For Shelley, body is fate. If it is ugliness that fuels the mo nsters social exclusion, it is beauty that drives his revenge: he destroys what he cannot possess.† (http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/mshelley/pva229.html) In contrast in 1984 power is much more subtle, and doesn’t come across as influential as in Frankenstein. This is because Winston is very elusive meaning he trusts no one but himself. If you want to keep a secret you must hide it from yourself. This shows that even your own secrets should be kept quiet and you shouldn’t even think of them because your thoughts are powerful and you never know who is listening.‘The main power is within the party because they are at a higher status than the low ranking members of the ruling party; therefore use their stronger forces of power to dictate the rules of big brother’. It can be argued that George Orwell has done this to show that everyone has the right to speak or feel however they want without a higher force being able to tell them how they should act within society.Power within both novels seems to be the main key to success but it all ends in disaster as power goes to their heads. In conclusion, without the right power, being able to succeed is limited. Both novels show unless you have the right power and the right knowledge you are not as important as those who have it. Both novels portray power in different ways, some of which contrast. One major link between the two is the one main character craving power and perhaps love, but both novels show that you can only have one or the other and worst comes to worst when they both eventually die, leaving but only their mistakes to live with the world forever.

Background analysis of PADINI

Background analysis of PADINI PADINI started to operate its company in Malaysias apparel industry, manufacturing, trading and supplying garments to order for retailers and distributors. The PADINI Concept Store is a concept store that selling all PADINI Holdings brands in one store or one stop shopping. The first outlet that starting to operate in Malaysia was located in Johor Bharu City Square, a shopping complex in Johor Bharu, Malaysia. After PADINI starting to operate in Malaysia, it becomes one of the major forces to apparel and garments industry in Malaysia. Besides, PADINI involved in the distribution and retail of its own fashion labels through 190 freestanding stores, franchise and consignment counters. The main products that sold by PADINI are formal,fashion wear and accessories. Besides, there are various brands that houses in PADINI and all of them are under PADINI. Every brand represents a fashion philosophy and each of the philosophy involve an extensive range of products aimed at targeted consumer. Their brand image is strongly attached importance to the real value: quality, functionality and price. There are eight unique brands under PADINI, which are PADINI ,PADINI Authentics, PDI, P CO, Seed, Miki, Vincci, and Vincci Accessories. All of the brands targeted consumer is due to both sexes and all ages. However Vincci, and Vincci Accessories are more focused on the flexible tastes of woman consumers on shoes, bags and accessories, and Seed Cafà © have open a new dimension in food operations for its company. Vision PADINI state that their vision is to be the market leader in the retail industry. They will achieve the goal through hard work, discipline and creative endeavour. In long terms, they will continue to maintain their high standard of design and manufacturing quality as well as affordability. Besides, they are also working towards expanding the business on a regional basis. At present, they have a growing presence in their neighbour countries, and we believe that there is great scope for growth. Mission The mission that set by PADINI is to create credible products that meet out target customer requirements but exceed their expectation. PADINI Core Value Caring From The Heart Caring from the heart means every staff of company must treat customers from the heart; staffs must care their customer by providing the best services. PADINIs 7 Culture Speed Simplicity Self- Confidence Communication Team Work Learning Culture Consistency Evolution of PADINI Year 1971-1990 Began operations as Hwayo Garments manufacturers Company, a proprietorship carrying out the manufacturing of ladies garments and wholesaling of the finished products to departmental stores. Expand into the trading textiles. Entered the retail industry with the companys pioneering brand PADINI. The brand VINCCI was created. Children wear was launched under MIKI brand. The SEED and ROPE labels were launched. 1991-2007 Establishment of a holding company, Home Stores Sdn. Bhd., to hold all the groups retail, wholesale and manufacturing business. The name Home Stores sdn. Bhd., was changed to PADINI Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Launched of PADINI AUTHENTICS. PADINI Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Became PADINI Holdings Berhad. PADINI HoldingsBerhad listed on the Second Board of the KLSE. PCO was launched in the second half of the year. PDI was created. The first Concept Stores was opened in Johor Bharu City Square. Seed Cafà © and PADINI Dot Com Sdn. Bhd was set up. Re-launcg of PADINI and Rope to new PADINI Workwear Listed on the Main Board of the KLSE The brand Vincci +. Vincci accessories and brands outlet was launched. STATES LOCATION Selangor AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall Ikano Power Centre 1 Utama Phase 2 Shopping Centre IOI Mall Shopping Centre Kompleks Membeli Belah, Aeon Cheras Selatan Johor Bukit Indah Shopping Centre City Square Shopping Centre Jusco Tebrau City Shopping Centre Kuala Lumpur Mid Valley Megamall Pavilion Kuala Lumpur Penang Gurney Plaza Queensbay Mall Melacca Dataran Pahlawan Melaka Megamall Pahang East Coast Mall Perak Kinta City Shopping Centre Sabah Warisan Square Sarawak The Spring Map of PADINII coverage The Location of PADINI Concept Stores In Malaysia Segmentation As a listed company with such successful result, undeniably PADINI has done segmentizing in terms of demographic, geographic and psychographic. Demographic segmentation include of dividing the market into groups based on variables likes age, gender family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. PADINI has segmentized demographic by focusing on the factor like age, gender, income and occupation as the important factor to do the continuous targeting. PADINI has set up 8 brands, which has covered age from baby up to old ages ,gender with male and also female, income which in the range of RM1000-RM2000,RM2001-RM5000 and RM5001above,and finally occupation like office-worker and others semi formal wear which suit majority occupation. This helps the organization to divide the market into several groups and target each of these groups to enhance the performance of the organization. Next, market segmentation strategy whereby the intended audience for a given product is divided according to geographic units, such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities, or neighborhoods.  PADINI has chosen to focus on states as their geographic segmentation, for instances, Penang, Johor and Kuala Lumpur. Lastly, PADINI has also used Psychographic by dividing the industry into different groups based on social class and lifestyle to do perfect segmentation. Targeting From our research, we can say that the targeting strategies used by PADINI is differentiated marketing where PADINI target several segment by offering different products to satisfy the different groups of customer. The targeted groups of customer are derived from the age range that above 7 to 50 and separated according to age and genders. The following table is showing the different targeted groups by offering different products. Group Age Gender Product Type of product Infants and kids Below 7 Both Miki kids Casual Childrens Above 7 and below 12 Both Seed and PADINI Authentic Casual Teenagers or youngsters 12 to 18 Both Seed and PADINI Authentic Casual Adult 18 to 30 female P Co Younger style(Trendy) Adult 18 to 40 Both Seed Casual plus classic stylish designed Teenagers or adult 13 to 50 Female Vincci and Vincci Accessories Female Accessories Adult 18 to 50 Both PDI Casual stylish designed Adult 18 to 60 Both PADINI Formal Differentiation Positioning PADINI used the differentiation strategies of product and image to place the product occupies in the consumers minds. The hottest product of PADINI Seed, use the product differentiation in term of design to place the product occupies in the consumers minds. For example, when a consumer want to buy a semi-formal with classic stylish designed, the Seeds product will come into their minds before thinking of others brand. Besides, Miki kid is also one of the example of product differentiation where the design is specialty for kids. On the other hands, P Co used the image differentiation to place the product occupied in consumers minds. When a consumer want to buy a female clothes with younger style inside the PADINI, the brand of P Co may take the advantage of coming to their mind before others brands. In short, PADINI use the differentiation of professional ,stylish and fashionable to position the products in the consumer minds. Product Consumer Goods  are final goods that are brought from retail stores to satisfy the needs and wants of customers. Products of PADINI falls under consumer product which categorized as shopping products.PADINI itself has other alternatives brands under it. There are PADINI, Seed ,Pdi , PADINI Authentic , PCo, Miki maternity , Vincci , Vincci accessories , Miki kids . The essential of PDI is to emphasis the casual stylish that can be accepted in any occasion. Its purpose to let any guy or girl to get a style fix among the fashion-current jeans, T-shirts, jackets, casual basic-T, belt, socks, scarf and even accessories in a shopper-friendly setting.PADINI is focus more on basic and family lifestyle and aim for anyone who likes and extols casual style. PADINI provides the essential working lifestyle for the modern working man and women. The PADINI collection carries a clean, timeless and modern to the working lifestyle. This brand is focuses on the formal wear and centralize customers base for workers. PADINI has launched out several of tie, belt, shirt and coat. Seed is the confidence of classic and casual plus a refreshing design. Seed emphasize the best of both designs for men, women and even hip kids! The purpose is stand-out style. Seed is focus on urban office-wear for the masses. The clothes under this line are usually jackets, coats, suits, classic office pants and knee-length skirts, semi-formal skirt and belt and also classic jean. In addition to seed cafe, the cafe portrays a bright and contemporary concept which jells with seeds youthful and trendy image. PADINI authentic is more on casually yours. PADINI authentic focus their styleon quality casual wear. Its targets the teenager segment of the market. It sells modern shirt, trendy jean, jackets, shirts and stylish dress. P co is focus on female market and launched all girls skirt, necklace and also hot pants. On the same track where they run ahead in fashions brave new ideas. Women are the largest customer base for P co because they know that women are the most potential customer and most people who are willing to spend money in the fashion. Miki Kids take the message of fun in fashion to every place and occasion. Clothes design with energetic ideas and cheerful colours to charge up every youngster. Miki kids are designed for 1-11 years old infants. This is because infants still have their potential and parents are increasingly willing to spend money on their childs dress. Miki Maternity is designed for fashionable mums-to-be. Miki Maternity has sold all the shirt and dress that suit for the pregnant women at the same time stand out-style. The look of Vincci fun and fashionable, the emphasis is affordable. From head turning hair accessories to trendsetting footwear, must-have handbags to eye catching glasses and fashion-clinching belts. In addition to Vincci accessories carries one of the most extensive lines of accessories from necklaces, bangles, rings and earrings to belts, sunglasses, watches, shoes, bags and more in all the latest styles. Price Pricing are one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organization. Pricing is difficult and must reflect  supply and demand  relationship. Pricing for a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales for the organization.   Designed of Seed and PADINI are more classic. Our company carries out market-skimming pricing and setting a high price for Seed and PADINI to skim revenues layer-by-layer from those willing to pay the high price. Both of these brands are premium pricing and especially for relatively high consumption of the customer base. High consumption of the customers base is those who purchase a bundle items in one time. Production of seed and PADINI are much more less than other brand this is because high consumption of the customer base would be lesser. Our company makes fewer, but more profitable sales. In addition to this, PDI and PADINI authentic and Vincci are much more affordable. Our company carries out maket-penetration pricing setting low initial price for PDI, PADINI authenthic and Vinnci to penetrate the maket deeply. Both of these brands are low cost pricing and more focus on the middle class of customer base. Product price of these two brands are low and affordable. This is because there are more middle class of customer base compare to high consumption of customer base. PDI and PADINI authentic are attracting many customers due to the low price strategy and also our company can win a large market share. Apart from this,the two brands under the MIKI flag are MIKI Kids and MIKI Maternity.Miki maternity is pay attention on the fashionable mums-to-be. This brand only focuses on the pregnant women and mums-to-be customers base and Miki kids is focus on the children customers base. Product price of this brand is quiet high and is consider as premium pricing. This is due to their customers base not wide enough Promotion do PADINI Holdings Berhad company has different promotion in every seasons . They have different seasons in every years . That is spring ,summer ,fall and holiday . Those products have expensive price will have whole year discount . On the other hand , those products have cheap price only will get discount during season period . PADINI AUTHENTICS promotion will get instant rebate RM30 with purchases of RM150 and RM70 with purchases of RM 300 . PDI Promotion will get rebate RM15 with every purchase of RM 100 . Followed by, VINCCI ACCESSORIES will get instant rebate RM10 with purchase of RM50 above RM20 with purchase of RM100 above . VINCCI Promotion will get instant rebate RM10 with purchases of RM50 above , RM20 with purchases of RM100 above. SEED Promotion will get rebate RM30 with every purchase of RM 150. PCO Promotion will rebate rm20 with every purchase of rm100 . PADINI Promotion will get rebate RM30 with every purchase of 2pcs . In addition , PADINI GROUP FAIR which known as Mega Carnival Sales will up to 70% discount .This sales will fall on March , August , December every year .Specific terms and condition will be applied on it . During sales period, customers cannot apply for member card . Member card only can apply when no sales proceed. When nearly reach end of sales, PADINI Company will have actual 10 % will add 10 % more discount on it . This is because PADINI company want clear the stock, and they want to push the sales. A companys total promotion mix is also called marketing communications mix . It consists advertising , sales promotion , public relations , personal selling , and direct-marketing tools that the company uses to persuasively communicate customer value and build customer relationships . One of the hardest marketing decisions facing a company is how much to spend on promotion. How does a company decide on its promotion budge? There are four common methods used to set the total budget for advertising. There are the affordable method, the percentage of sales method, the competitive parity method and the objective and task method . Affordable method is to set the promotion budget at the level management thinks the company can afford. Followed by , percentage of sales method is set the promotion budget at a certain percentage of current or forecasted sales or as a percentage of the unit sales price . Competitive parity method is set the promotion budget to match competitors outlay . Placement do Concept Store brings the all in one concept. So that, customers will be convenient to shop at there. Variety of modern style can be chosen by customers. All they need are inside one shop. Most of the brands outlet will located at the shopping mall instead of hypermarket. Because of the design of shopping mall more attractive. So that can attract more customers. PADINI is one of the most well-known brands in Malaysias multibillion garment industry. A brand leader involved in the distribution and retails its own fashion labels through 180 freestanding stores and in-house outlets. This includes our multi-brand stores of PADINI Concept Store and Brands Outlet. PADINI have many branches in Malaysia. In Malaysia, it divided into two parts. That is west and east. Shopping mall will be chosen as the location where the PADINI Concept store at. This is because shopping mall has more people. For example, Queensbay Mall, Gurney Plaza .It will choose only mall which is more trendy for that city . PADINI has two types of shops. It has brands outlet and PADINI concepts store. The purpose of having PADINI concepts shops is because of the concept one-stop-shopping. With all brands within reach in just one store, the shopping option is set to create a fashion revolution. In addition, certain brands specialize in items such as Graphic Tees, Polo-Tees and Pants. With such a wide variety of styles and labels, Concept Store not only caters to everyone irrespective of age, gender or taste, it also allows shoppers to mix and match effortlessly within one location ,maybe by matching with different brands merchandise to fulfill own required style. The brands are PADINI, Seed, Vincci, PDI, PADINI Authentics, P Co, Miki Kids Miki Maternity. Whereas , brands outlet is the latest exciting concept from PADINI group . Already a fashion force in Malaysia with brands such as PADINI, Seed,PDI, Vincci and PCo., the group decided to introduce a shopping experience with a difference based on key id eas of convenience, quality, variety and affordability. Concept Store can be found at Aeon Bukit Tinggi (Klang), Ampang Point (Kuala Lumpur), IOI Mall (Puchong), Ikano Power Centre (Mutiara Damansara; flagship store), Aeon Bukit Indah (Johor Bahru), Dataran Pahlawan Mall (Melaka), East Coast Mall (Kuantan) and Queensbay Mall (Penang). Recommendation After the overall marketing research regarding this company, we would make some recommendation about the product, market development, marketing technique, public promotion and sales rules and regulation. Talking about the product, PADINI has never come out with unisex merchandise, as our experience as promoter in this company, we always get this question from customer .Also, we would suggest PADINI may make some couple design since the company is already well-established, these two product may probably open a new market to new young generation as their target, the company may choose the A outlet to do market testing by coming out limited quantity. While for marketing technique, we can see PADINI has not yet to explore in the online buying. We suggest PADINI can set up a blog which contain all brands product. Before that, perhaps the company must set up an IT department to do IT support for future transaction and create a IT system to company. They may co-operate with some banks to offer discount by using online banking service. On the other hands, PADINI can also cooperate with some local distributors in the Malaysia like Citi-link or Sky Net to send out the order. Every transaction made by the customer will be shown a payment statement and it was guaranteed by the bank. Besides, the distribution of the order will directly send to the stated address according to the information stated on the order form by the customer. Then, since PADINI is already well-known in fashion industry, we believe they are able to do a fashion show by hiring professional model, wearing their new products and having a fashion show .The company may invite some fashion professional ,helping to to advertising and promote their company. Besides, the company can organize a model show or competition by wearing their new products in specific mall like Gurney or Mid Valley, this will cost lesser. Furthermore, PADINI can sponsor to some well-known ladies magazine with conditions that include few pages which advertising about PADINI new products in every publication of magazine, for example Vogue and Nirvana Women. Historical Net Profit of PADINI From Year 2004- 2010 The histogram above showed that the net profit of PADINI from the year 2004- 2010. We can see that, the net profit of PADINI is dramatically increase from 2004- 2010 with the percentage of 1% to 12.2%. Besides, PADINI state that they forecast an average annual net profit growth of 10% in year 2011 and 2012 because of the demand for the PADINI products due to their strong branding and strategic store locations, as well as improved efficiency of warehousing, inventory management, design and product mix. Stock Split Besides, PADINI also carry out the stock split program to make its stock price cheaper than before in 5 times at 6 January 2011, being the market day after the books closing date. Share split involving the subdivision of each ordinary share of RM0.50 each held in PADINI Holdings Berhad into five ordinary shares of RM0.10 each. This action is to attract more investor to invest into their company. PADINI HOLDINGS BERHAD (History earnings, dividends and share price)

Definition Essay - The Meaning of Love -- Expository Definition Essays

The Meaning of Love One can love a sister, a brother, a mother, a father, grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins and friends, strangers, pets, the sunlight on a warm evening, reflecting through a prism, held by fishing line stuck to a little suction cup to a dusty window. You can love food from cake to roast beef, even those tiny individual candy bars that are never enough but just give you a taste of chocolate before you pop in the second one. One is able to love the feeling of carpet between toes or the tension in a hammocks string when you lay in that 'u' position swinging delightfully with each motion of your body. We can declare love for sounds coming from a stereo, love for that particular sound wave in coordination with other sound waves that make it to the inner ear as that thing we call music. Some of us love to feel a little pain, love feeling that edge of life that lets us know we're alive, nerves tingling with the sensation that something is not quite right, mind ablaze with the knowledge t hat the power to commit more pain or to stop it is in grasp. One might love a particular spot in the world, a city, a hill, a nook, a field of sunflowers swaying in the breeze. From flying an airplane at sound-breaking speeds or laying near comatose, the only movement the flipping of pages and the flitting of eyes as words are dragged into a brain to organize, recognize, and realize their meaning in correlation to each other. Love is all around us, continually exuding from ourself and others. When what someone does not love is near, or when it's something they hate, we are quick to learn it. The disgust in the face as a lump of food falls out of the mouth that tried something new or something forgotten. The shying away from a cer... ... anyone . . . then love must simply be everything else. For one, a scritch of fingernails across green blackboard is a loathsome, marrow scraping experience. For another, the drunken footsteps upon a staircase pounding higher and higher, closer and closer to the bedroom door. Maybe being touched on the nose or those little prickly seeds that hold on like velcro to anything they touch. At the same time another could love those little spiky balls, or enjoy owning drunken feet, the world a blur with head so heavy. Love is so ready to include that anyone is hard-pressed to find something the world excludes and places in a bin called "hate." So I ask you to love, to experience this feeling throughout every nerve of your body, every electric-impulse of a brain cell, every beat of your heart and blink of the eye. Because that's what love is to me. Simply everything.

Critical Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essays -- The R

Critical Analysis of Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken The speaker in Robert Frost's 'The Road Not Taken' gives the reader insight into human nature with each line of poetry. While, Frost had not originally intended for this to be an inspirational poem, line by line, the speaker is encouraging each reader to seek out his or her own personal path in the journey of life. Romanticizing the rural woods of New England creates the perfect setting for the theme of self-discovery laid out and described by the speaker. Robert Frost's original intent in writing the poem was not to convey the inspiration that it has for almost a hundred years. He had written the poem to poke fun at his friend, Edward Thomas, with whom he had taken many walks. Thomas was hesitant and always wondering what would happen if he had chosen a different path (http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html). In fact, Frost sent the poem to his friend, then in France, and got the response, ?What are you trying to do with me (http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html). However, Frost did see the impact the poem was having and stated, 'Do not follow where the path may lead?Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.' The speaker communicates many things in the first stanza of the poem. The first line, ?Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,? uses imagery with the color yellow, the color of gold, to show that the speaker sees an opportunity ahead of him. The two roads symbolizes the choices and consequences he must choose. The next line, ?And sorry I could not travel both,? illustrates how difficult it is to make a choice. It is impossible not to wonder what could happen by choosing the other road and what he could be missing out on. ?And being one traveler long I stood,? shows how the speaker would like to be in two places at once. Unable to accomplish this, he takes a long time to decide on what he should do. Finally, the speaker describes studying the first option, looking as far into the future as he possibly could with the lines, ?And looked down one as far as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth.? The speaker continues to convey his message in the second stanza of ?The Road Not Taken.? In the opening line of this part of the poem, the speaker says, ?Then took the other, as just as fair.? Here, he is turning his attention to the second road... ...ng the road he eventually chose made him the person he is. In being forced to choose and face the consequences, he was afraid to make a wrong decision. He is better off for having even made any decision at all instead of standing there, procrastinating. Although one person cannot take all the roads in life, trying to choose everything will leave that person just as empty as choosing the wrong path. In finally choosing, he changes the direction of his life and encourages the reader to explore new territory or create something new. Above all, one has to be true to himself and follow his heart. The speaker, throughout Robert Frost?s ?The Road Not Taken,? is a way of identifying with the reader through basic human feelings and struggles. Everyone faces hard decisions and feels the struggle within to choose the right path on which to base his or her life. It is how we choose and how we deal with what is down the road that makes us who we are. Works Cited Baym, Nina, et. al. The Norton Anthology of American Liturature. 5th edition. Vol.II. New York: Norton, 1998. http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html) http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html

The Continuing Importance of Affirmative Action Essay -- Argumentative

The Continuing Importance of Affirmative Action    Affirmative action is about to take quite a beating. Prominent Republicans from Phil Gramm to Pete Wilson to Bob Dole all plan on making the attack on affirmative action a central plank of their campaign rhetoric. The Clinton administration, perhaps trying to stem the attack before it begins, recently announced that it would reevaluate the merit of all affirmative action programs. And many of those to the left of Clinton oppose affirmative action--albeit probably for different reasons than those to his right. Considering the overwhelming opposition to affirmative action, it seems improbable that affirmative action would have much to recommend it. Yet this contention deserves examination. There are a large number of factors contributing to a given policy's favorability; it seems unlikely that all aspects of affirmative action, from morality to reality to the gray in between, count as strikes against it. Concerns over fairness to white males seem to be at the root of most opposition to affirmative action. This argument is difficult to counter; it seems clear that affirmative action does amount, strictly speaking, to reverse discrimination. For some, this fact alone is enough reason to ring the policy death knell. Yet this conclusion seems to me hasty. If affirmative action hurts white males only a little, yet helps minorities and women significantly, then we might well decide to keep affirmative action around, despite its unfairness. Private universities commonly employ policies of preference which are sometimes euphemistically termed "development policies." Development means that there is a concerted effort on the part of admissions officers to admit students who come fro... ...(If you are unconvinced of this point, do a bit more reading and thinking.) More than lowering the hiring and admissions standard by which minorities and women are measured, affirmative action works to counteract pervasive racism. If an employer harbors racist, heterocentrist, or sexist views, then being forced to take a second look at minorities and women may counteract that prejudice. Affirmative action, then, may have less to do with lowering the standard by which minorities and women are measured, and more to do with equalizing opportunities given. That sounds to me like sound policy even Newt would find difficult to oppose--policies designed to ensure equality of opportunity. For as long as it has been policy, affirmative action has been implemented with an eye towards equalizing opportunity. A more admirable, mainstream ideal is difficult for me to envision.

Lesson Plan Training (Present Continuous Tense)

Level: I Lesson: Present Continuous Tense Lesson Aims: – to highlight some of the uses of Present Continuous. – to contrast Present Simple and Present Continuous. – to give students practice in using Present Continuous Tense. – to develop Ss' speaking competences. Skills involved: listening, speaking, reading, writing. Aids: blackboard, textbook, work-sheet, images, video sequences. Warm-up General competence: to interact in spoken communication (complete date, recall the activities done the day before in Present Tense: On Thursdays I wake up at 7 o clock, then I have breakfast.At 7:30 I go to my job. I work there from 8 to 4 p. m. , etc. ) Specific competence: to correct mistakes. Method: dialogue with the teacher who is going to lead the conversation making them answer at what time they wake up, at what time they go to work, what they do after work, etc†¦ Procedure: Teacher (T) checks homework first. Students (Ss) read their homework and correct it if necessary. Interaction: T-Ss; Ss-T. Class management: whole class activity Timing: 5†²-10†² Orientation Towards the Objective of the class: In today’s class you are going to begin working with a new tense, which is very important due to it expresses, most of the times, the actions that are taking place at this moment. These actions began some time ago and are still happening. This tense is called: Present Continuous (Present Progressive). †¢ Explain by means of a timeline the position in time of Present Continuous Tense: †¢ The main characteristics of this tense are the use of the verb To Be before the main verb and the addition of the ending –ing to them. o For example, in Simple Present we say: I listen to music in my bedroom every day. o If the action is taking place right now we can say by means of the Present Continuous: ? I am listening to music in my bedroom now. †¢ The teacher will make a brief comparison between Simple Present and P resent Continuous: I watch T. V. in the afternoon. I am watching T. V. in this moment. You wash your car on weekends. You are washing your car now. Oscar eats pupusa in the kitchen. He is eating pupusa in the kitchen. We paint our house on Christmas. It’s Christmas now, so we are painting our house.They call their daughter every Saturday. They are calling their daughter right now. †¢ Repeat after me the following examples of the conjugations of the Present Continuous Tense. (individual repetition for slow learners) I am drinking water. You are drinking coffee. He is reading a book. She is watching T. V. now. We are studying English. They are writing their names. †¢ Now that you know how to form the Present Continuous, let’s do an exercise named: What’s Happening? where you are going to put into practice this new tense: o Give cards to the students with commands for oing a short sequence of actions written in Simple Present Tense. They will be the only ones who know the content of them. He/ She will act out the actions written on the card. The rest of the students will guess these actions by using the Present Continuous Tense. (The exercise will be done be orally. ) As they do their performance I will write the verbs in their basic forms on the board. e. g. : ? Walk in circles, then jump for 5 seconds. After that, go to the board and write your name. Finally, return to your chair. ? Walk to the podium, read a book for a while.After that, open the window and watch the people in the street. ? Walk to the center of the room, open the umbrella. Sing and dance the song â€Å"Singing in the Rain†. ? Organize the chairs of the classroom, clean the classroom and throw the garbage into the wastebasket. ? Go to the board and draw a picture of your teacher. ? Walk to the center of the classroom and read the newspaper. There is something funny in it, so smile. Turn to another page, there is something really sad, so cry. †¢ The stu dents will watch some pictures and video sequences for them to say what those people are doing. Pictures. o Video sequences. ———————————————————————————— †¢ Give some commands to the students (secretly) and they will perform them. The rest will guess by means of this new tense: o run, clean, dance, play soccer, brush your teeth, brush your hair, eat, paint the wall, sleep, smoke, †¦ ———————————————————————————— Written Activity General competence: comprehension of what the written form means in context.Specific competence: to identify the uses of Present Continuous. Method: completing a w ork-sheet. Procedure: Ss receive a copy of a work-sheet and they are asked to work individually to enter the uses of Present Continuous in the sentences and then to compare in pairs. Together with the teacher they go over the answers. (Pay special attention to slow learners) Interaction: T-Ss; Ss-Ss-T. Class management: individual/pair work, whole class activity. Timing: 5†²-10†². †¢ Make sentences in Present Continuous according to the pictures on the work-sheet.

The History Of The Refrigerator

Before refrigerators were produced, people were forced to cool their food with ice, snow,  or nearby rivers and springs. Most people also had to can, salt, and pickle their food to preserve  their meals. During these times, inventors were working towards the creation of the refrigerator.In 1758, Benjamin Franklin experimented with the effects of evaporation on temperature. With  the help from chemist John Hadley, both men were able to find a way to drop thermometers temperature below freezing. Franklin and Hadley’s work was soon picked up by the American  inventor, Oliver Evans.Using principles drew up by Franklin; Evans drew the design for a  refrigerator in 1805. Jacob Perkins modified Evan’s design and built the first practical  refrigerating machine in 1834. Soon after, John Gorrie used Evan’s design to build a refrigerator  to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients in 1844.Over 30 years later German  engineer Carl Von Linde di scovered the process of liquefying gas which is part of basic  refrigeration technology. From the 1800s until the 1920s, refrigerators used  toxic gases as  refrigerants. With research developed, corporations discovered a less dangerous refrigerant  called Freon. Freon soon became the standard for almost all home kitchens.  Carl Von Linde was born in 1842 and was the son of a Lutheran minister.He studied  science and engineering at the Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, Switzerland. His research led to the  development of the first compressed-ammonia refrigerator. In 1917, Linde formed the Union  Carbide and Carbon Corporation.On January 1, 1913, the first electric refrigerator in the United States was invented by  Fred W. Wolf. The refrigerator was an air-cooled refrigeration unit mounted on top of an ice box  and was called the Domelre. Exactly two years after the Domelre was created, the first self-container refrigerator was built by the Guardian Refrigerator Comp any.The company struggled  and produced less than 40 appliances in two years. The company was purchased by General  Motors and the business was renamed Frigidaire. In 1918, the first Frigidaire refrigerator was  produced. There were more than 200 different refrigerators on the market by 1920. Ice cream  cabinets were added to models in 1923, soda fountain equipment in 1924, and water and milk  coolers in 1927.One million refrigerators were produced by 1929. In 1947, GE was the first  company to introduce the two-door refrigerator-freezer combination. By 2005, 99.5 percent of  homes had refrigerators.  The refrigerator has changed the world in many ways. We are now able to preserve our  Foods such as fruits and vegetables for longer periods of time and beverages are now able to be  kept cool. Without refrigeration, medicines and vaccinations would not have been able to be  developed. Refrigeration is also used for air conditioning in homes, public places and lar ge  warehouses.Even those beautiful Valentine’s Day roses would not be able to be delivered  without refrigeration. Just imagine school without air conditioning, everyone would smell  horrible from sweating all day. Everyone’s favorite ice creams would not have been created  without the freezer. Long car rides would be dreadful without an air conditioner.Refrigerators use refrigerants to carry heat away from the inside of the fridge. This is  done by injecting the refrigerants into a tube inside the refrigerator in liquid form and it slowly  begins to vaporize. Taking heat away makes the temperature cooler. When the liquid is done  vaporizing, it travels to a coil on the outside of the fridge where it releases heat and becomes a  liquid again. The process starts over again.After researching the history of the refrigerator, I have learned how much it has impacted  the world and how much people take it for granted. I would have never been able to enjoy my  favorite ice creams or drinks if it was not for the refrigerator. I would not be able to preserve my  favorite foods or keep my fruits and veggies fresh.My favorite Eleven slushies would not even  exist. Some people do not take the time to realize the importance of the refrigerator and how  much of a difference it has made in America.

Dggg

B. Tech. (Third Semester) Automobile Engg. HUM-201E: Basics of Economics and Management Sessional Theory Total Duration :50 marks :100 marks : 150 marks : 3 hours Unit-I Meaning of Industrial Economic, production function, its types, least cost combination, law of variable proportion, law of returns; increasing, constant & Diminishing. Fixed & variable costs in short run & long run, opportunity costs, relation between AC & MC. U-shaped short run AC curve.Price & output determination under monopoly in short run & long run, price discrimination, price determination under discriminating Monopoly, comparison between Monopoly & perfect competition. Unit- II Meaning of management, characteristics of management, management Vs administration, management – Art, Science & Profession, Fayol’s principles of management. Human relations approach. Functions of management. Unit-III Planning & Organizing Planning, steps in planning. Planning premises, difference between planning policy & strategy. Authority & responsibility, centralization & decentralization.Unit-IV Staffing, directing & controlling – Manpower planning, Recruitment & section styles of leadership, communication process and barriers, control process and steps in controlling. Note: – Eight questions are to be set taking two from each unit. The students are required to attempt five questions in all taking at least one from each unit. SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-V S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L T P Total Theory Practical 1 AE-301 E Design of automobile components-I 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 2 AE-303 E Auto electrical Systems 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 3 ME-305 E Heat Transfer 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 4 ME-307 E Industrial Engineering 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-309 E Automotive Transmission-I 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 AE-311 E 6 AE-313 E Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 7 Automotive Transmission Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 8 AE-315 E Auto electrical Systems Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 9 10 11 ME-317 E ME-319E AE-321 E Heat Transfer Lab Industrial Engineering Lab Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing Lab – – 2 2 – 2 2 – 25 25 25 – 25 25 25 0 50 50 TOTAL 18 6 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowed SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-VI S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L AE-302 E AE-304 E AE-306 E T P Total Theory Practical 1 2 3 Two & Three wheeler Vehicles Engineering Materials Design of automobile components-II 3 4 3 1 1 – 4 4 4 50 50 50 100 100 100 – 150 150 – 150 4 AE-308 E Auto Pollution & Control 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-310 E Tribology & Preventive Maintenance 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 6 AE-312 E Microprocessor and interfacing 4 – – 4 50 100 – 150 7 AE-314 E Microprocessor and interfacing lab 3 1 – 4 25 – 25 50 8 AE-316 E Automobile Engg. Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 9 AE-318 E Auto pollution & Control Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 10 AE-320 E Graphics Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 11 AE-322 E Tribology Lab – 2 2 25 25 50 TOTAL 19 5 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowedScheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L T 2 1 1 1 P 2 2 7 2 Total 5 4 3 4 4 2 2 7 2 Sessional Marks for Exam Theory Practical 25 25 100 – Total Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AE-401 E ME-403 E AE-402 E AE AE AE-407 E AE-409 E AE-411 E AE-413 E Mechanical vibrations Measurement and Control Vehicle Body Engineering Elective-I Elective-II M&C & Mechnical Vibration Lab Vehicle Maintencance Lab Project-I Pravcticle Training 3 3 3 3 3 – 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 100 125 100 100 100 100 100 – 50 150 150 150 150 50 50 200 125 Total 15 5 13 33 525 500 150 1175 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. Scheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VIII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sessional P 3 9 Total 4 4 3 4 3 3 9 2 32 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 25 425 Marks for Exam Theory 100 100 100 100 100 Practical 1 25 100 50 75 500 250 Total Marks T 1 1 1 – AE-402 E ME=404 E AE-406 E AE AE AE-408 E AE-410 E AE-412 E AE-414 E AE-416 ETrasport Management Computer Added vehicle design Motor Vehilce & environment protection Elective-III Elective-IV Computer added vehicle design Lab Project-II Seminar Comprehensive Viva General fitness for profession Total 3 3 3 4 3 2 18 150 150 150 150 150 75 200 25 50 75 1175 2 12 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-301E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-1 L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction:- Problem identification – problem statement, specifications, constraints, Feasibility study-technical feasibility, economic & financial feasibility, societal & environmental feasibility, Generation of solution field (solution variants), D esign Procedure, System Design Cycle, Life cycle costs, selection of fits and tolerances and analysis of dimensional chains, Human factors engineering.Concept of tearing, bearing, shearing, crushing, bending etc, Stress concentration, factor of safety under different loading conditions. Selection of Materials:-Mechanical properties of the commonly used Engg materials, hardness, and Strength parameters with reference to stress-strain diagram. Introduction to various theories of failure; selection of Engg Materials.UNIT- II MechanicalJoints:-Bolted joints in tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joints in shear and under combined stresses, Design of Power Screw; Coupling design; Design of various types of welding joints under different static load conditions, eccentrically loaded riveted joints; design of cotter and knuckle joint Brakes :-Self energizing condition of brakes, design of shoe brakes – internal & external expanding, band brakes, and disc brakes, Braking lever design , Thermal considerations in brake designing UNIT- III Clutch :-Design of single plate clutch, multi plate clutch, design of centrifugal clutch, cone clutch, energy dissipated, torque capacity of clutch, design of clutch components, design details of roller and sprag type of clutches Vehicle Frame :-Study of loads, moments, and stresses on frame members.Design considerations for frame of passenger and commercial vehicles, materials for automobile structure. UNIT- IV Front Axle and Steering Systems :-Analysis of loads, moments and stresses at different sections of front axle, determination of loads at kingpin bearings and wheel spindle bearings, determination of optimum dimensions and proportions for steering linkages ensuring minimum error in steering. Final Drive and Rear Axle :-Detailed design of shafts for static and dynamic loading, Rigidity and deflection consideration, design of propeller shaft, design details of full floating, semifloating and three quarter floating rear shaft s and rear axle housings. Books 1.Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K, Khanna Publisher, New Delhi –2002 2. Fundamental of Machine component design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley, 3rd Edition 3. PSG Design Data book by PSG College of Technology, Combative, 2000 4. Selection & use of engineering materials – J. A. Charles – Butterworth – Heinemann 3 ed– 06 5. Design of Machine Elements – V. B. Bhandari- McGraw Hill 6. Automotive Chassis by Heldt. P. M. , Chilton Co. , New York – 1992 7. Steering, Suspension and tyres by Giles. K. G, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London – 1998 8. Motor Vehicle by Newton Steeds & Garret, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London- 2000 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns,Illiffe Books Ltd. – 1992 10. MechanicalEngg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 11. Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-303E AUTO ELECTRICA L SYSTEMS L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction :-Earth returns and insulated return systems, 6, 12, and 24-volt systems. Positive & negative earth systems.Fusing of circuits, relays, switches, low and high voltage automotive cables, wiring diagram for typical automotive wiring systems, maintenance and servicing. Batteries:- Principles of lead acid cells and their characteristics – construction and working of lead acid battery, types of batteries, testing of batteries, effect of temperature on: capacity and voltage, battery capacity, voltage, efficiency, charging of batteries, sulphation and desulphation, maintenance and servicing, Battery failures & checking, Maintenance free Batteries, High energy and power de nsity batteries for electric vehicles. UNIT- II Charging system:-Principle of generation of direct current. Shunt generator characteristics. Armature reaction. Third brush regulation. Cut-out.Voltage & current regulators, compensated voltage regulator. Alternators – principle, constructional and working aspects, bridge rectifiers. Principle of Magneto, Flywheel Magneto, Maintenance and servicing. Trouble shooting in charging systems. UNIT- III Starting system:-Condition at Starting – starting torque and power requirements, behavior of starter during starting. Series motor and its characteristics. Principle & construction of starter motor. Working of different starter drive units, care & maintenance of starter motor. Starter switches. Safety mechanism. Maintenance, servicing and trouble shooting. Ignition system:- Types, construction & working of battery & coil and magneto ignition systems.Relative merits, Ballast Resistor, Ignition coil, Distributor, Contact breaker Po int, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, Limitations of conventional ignition systems, Transistorized Ignition systems, Spark plugs – construction, different types, plug fouling, maintenance, servicing and fault diagnosis, Electronic Ignition system. Programmed ignition, distributor less ignition. UNIT-IV Lighting system ;- Principle of automobile illumination, headlamp construction and wiring, reflectors – types, signaling devices- flashers, stop lights, fog lamps, auxiliary lighting-engine, passenger, reading lamp. Regn-plate lamps. Automatic illumination system. Head light levelling devices. Study of a modern headlight system with improved night vision.Electrical Equipment and Accessories :-Oil pressure gauge, fuel level gauge, engine temperature gauge, electrical fuel pump, speedometer, odometer, trip meter, engine rpm meter, Headlamp & Windshield washer and wiper, heaters and defrosters, horns, stereo/radio, power antennae. Central locking, power window win ding. Sun/Moon Roof. Motorized rear view mirrors, reverse warning, Bumper collision warning. Other accessories in modern vehicles. Books 1. â€Å"Automotive Electrical Equipment â€Å", P. L. Kohli, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd. New Delhi, 1975. 2. â€Å"Principles of Electricity and electronics for the Automotive Technician†, Chapman, Thomson Asia, 2000. 3. Modern Electrical Equipment of Automobiles†, A. W. Judge. Chapman & Hall, London. 4. â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Equipments â€Å", A. P. Young. & L. Griffiths, English Languages Book Society & New Press, 1990. 5. â€Å"Storage Batteries â€Å", G. W. Vinal. John Wiley & Sons Inc. , New York, 1985. 6. â€Å"Automobile Electrical Equipment â€Å", W. H. Crouse. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. , New York, 7. â€Å"Electrical Ignition Equipment â€Å", F. G. Spreadbury, Constable & Co Ltd. , London, 1962. 8. â€Å"Basic Automotive Electrical Systems†, C. P. Nakra, Dhanpat B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semest er) (Automobile Engineering) ME-305E Heat Transfer L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Heat Exchanger Function, Classification, types and applications of heat Exchangers, heat rejection ratio elements of heatexchanger, Working fluid: Liquid and Gas, Dalton’s law of partial pressures; Effect of leakage of air. Methods tocheck and prevent air infiltration, selection of heat exchangers, heat exchanger design methodology. Single Phase Heat Exchangers: LMTD and NTU methods for evaporator and condenser tubes, and parallel andcounter flow heat exchangers, calculation of number and length of tubes in a heat exchanger.Rating and sizingmethods, design criteria, geometry, process parameters, pressure drops and applicationsCondensation Mech anism, types of condensers and design procedures, Evaporators, Design procedures,augmented surface heat exchangers, Heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, compact heat exchangers and air coolers, plate heat exchangers and plate fine heat exchangers Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers: Types and design procedure and applications Installation, Operation and Maintenance: Fouling factors, type of fouling, and cleaning methods UNIT-II Air ConditioningBasic Concept Natural and Mechanical refrigeration; Application of Refrigeration; Units of refrigeration and Coefficient of performance; Refrigeration effect, cooling capacity and COP of a refrigerator; Reversed Carnot cycle and its limitations, Meaning of air conditioning, Refrigerants Classification, properties, selection criteria, commonly used refrigerants, alternative refrigerants, eco-friendly refrigerants, and applications of refrigerants. Refrigerants used in automobile air conditioning, Basic vapourcompression system. UNIT-III Air Condit ioning Concept and Applications; Psychometric properties of air; Dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperatures; Relative and specific humidity; degree of saturation adiabatic saturation temperature, enthalpy of air and water vapours; psychometric chart. Human requirement of comforts; effectivetemperature and comfort charts; Industrial and comfort air conditioning.Psychometric Processes Sensible heating and cooling, cooling with dehumidification; Heating with dehumidification; by-pass factor; chemical dehumidification; adiabatic mixing, air washer. UNIT-IV Calculations for Air –conditioning Load and for Rate and state of Supply Air Sources of heat load; sensible and latent heat load; sensible heat factor; apparatus dew point temperature; Rate and state of air supply for air- conditioning of vehicles. Air Conditioning Equipment Brief description of compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion devices; Cooling towers; Ducts; dampers; grills; air filters; fans; room air con ditioners; split units; automotive air conditioning systems-HVAC model Text Books: 1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer by DS Kumar, SK Kataria and Sons, Delhi 2.A Course in Heat and Mass Transfer by S Domkundwar; DhanpatRai and Sons, Delhi 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by CP Arora, Tata McGraw Hill 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Manohar Prasad, Wiley Eastern Limited Reference Books: 1. Heat Transfer by AJ Chapman; Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 2. Heat transfer by JP Holmans, McGraw Hill, London 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Jordan and Priester, Prentice Hall of India 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by WF Stoecker, McGraw 5. Automotive Air conditioning by Paul Lung, CBS Publisher & Distributor, New Delhi. B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-307E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGL 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questi ons from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction to work study; Method study; Basic procedure; Recording techniques (charts and diagrams); Elemental breakdown; Micro-motion studies; Therbligs; SIMO-chart; Principles of motion –economy. Introduction; Objectives; technique; (time) information recording; methods of timings; Time study allowances; Work sampling technique; Performance rating and its determination PMTS; M. T. M. ; Work factor.UNIT- II Principles of organization, Importance and characteristics of organization, Organization theories; Classical Organization theory; Neo-Classical organization theory, Modern organization theory; Types of organization, Military or line organization, Functional organization, Line and staff organization, Committees. Objectives of PPC; Functions of PPC; Preplanning and planning; Routing; Estimating; scheduling-master schedule; Daily schedule; Gantt cha rt; Dispatching –centralized vs. decentralized; Control; Follow up and progress reporting. Introduction; Product development; Product characteristics; Role of product development; 3Ss – Standardization; Simplification and Specialization.UNIT- III Introduction, Objectives and importance of sales forecasting, Types of forecasting, Methods of sales forecasting-Collective opinion method, Delphi technique, economic indicator method; Regression analysis, Moving average method, Time series analysis. Introduction, Functions of inventory; Types of inventory; Control importance and functions, Inventory costs, Factors affecting inventory control, Various inventory control models. A. B. C. analysis, Lead-time calculations. UNIT- IV Introduction; Objectives; Concept and life cycle of a product and V. E. ; Steps in VE. , Methodology and techniques, Fast diagram, Matrix method. Various concepts in industrial engineering a) WAGES AND INCENTIVES; -Concept; Types; Plans; Desirable chara cteristics. b) ERGONOMICS; – its importance; Man-machine work place system; Human factors considerations in system design. ) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; – its definition, Concept, Objectives, Applications, benefits, Some successful cases in Indian Industries. d) JIT; – Its definition, Concept, Importance, Misconception, Relevance, Applications, Elements of JIT (brief description). e) MRP;-Introduction, Objectives, factors, Guide lines, Techniques Elements of MRP f) TIME MANAGEMENT;-Introduction, Steps of time management, Ways for saving time, Key for time saves. Reference and Text books: ? Production planning and control by S. Elion ? Modren production Management by S. S Buffa ? Industrial engg. and management manufacturing system by Surender kumar, Satya prakashan ? Essence of Supply Chain Management by R.P mohanty and S. G Deshmukh ? Industrial engg. and management by S Sharma and Savita Sharma B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-309E AUTOM OTIVE TRANSMISSON-I L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction:-Need for Transmission system. Tractive Effort and Resistances to Motion of a vehicle. Requirements of transmission system. Classification of Transmission systems.Single, Two or Four Wheel drive systems. Multi axle drives. Chain, Shaft and Electric drives. Location of transmission system. Different transmissions in scooter, car, MUVs and transport vehicles of Indian make. Clutch:-Automatic Clutch. Dry and Wet type of clutch. Friction lining materials. Over-running clutch. Modes of operating a clutch –mechanical, hydraulic and electric. Principle of operation, Constructional details, torque capacity and design aspects. Different types of clutches. Operation of single plate: helical spring and diaphragm type, and multiplate clutch. Centrifugal clutch UNIT- II Gear box:-Determination of gear ratios for vehicles.Performance characteristics in different speeds. Different types of gear boxes – sliding, constant and synchromesh type. Need for double declutching and working of synchronizing unit. Power and economy modes in gearbox. Transfer box. Transaxles. Overdrives. Gear shifting mechanisms – mechanical link andwiretypes UNIT-III Hydrodynamic drive :-Fluid coupling- principle of operation, constructional details. Torque capacity. Performance characteristics, Reduction of drag torque. Torque converter-Principle of operation, constructional details, performance characteristics, converter coupling, multistage torque converters and Polyphase torque converters.Hydrostatic drive:-Hydrostatic driveVarious types of hydrostatic systems – Principles of hydrostatic drive system, Advantage and limitations, Comparison of hydrostat ic drive with hydrodynamic drive – Construction and working of typical Jannyhydrostatic drive. UNIT-IV Electric drive :-Electric drive Principle of early and modified Ward Leonard Control system. Advantage & limitations. Performance characteristics. Study of drive system in an electric and hybrid vehicle. Automatic transmission applications Chevrolet â€Å"Turboglide† Transmission, Powerglide Transmission Toyota â€Å"ECT-i† Automatic Transmission with Intelligent Electronic controls system, Hydraulic Actuation system. References: 1. Heldt. P. M. , † Torque converters â€Å", Chilton Book Co. 2. Newton and Steeds, † Motor vehicles â€Å", llliffe Publishers. 3. Judge. A. W. † Modern Transmission systems â€Å", Chapman and Hall Ltd. 4. SAE Transactions 900550 & 930910. 5. † Hydrostatic transmissions for vehicle applications†, I Mech E Conference,1981-88. 6. Crouse. W. H. , Anglin. , D. L. , † Automotive Transmission and Pow er Trains construction â€Å", McGraw-Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-311E Applied numerical technique & computing L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I Solution of equations and eigen value problems: Iterative method, Newton-Raphson method for single variable and for simultaneous equations with two variables. Solutions of linear system by Gaussian, Gauss-Jordan, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods. Inverse of a matrix by GaussJordan method, Eigen value of a matrix by power and Jacobi methods. UNIT- II Interpolation: Newton’s divided difference formula, Lagrange and Hermit’s polynomials. Newton forward and backward difference formulae, Stirling’s and Bessel’s central differen ce formulae. Numerical Differentiation and Integration: Numerical differentiation with interpolation polynomials, UNIT-III Numerical integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Two and three point Gaussian quardratureformula.Double integrals using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Initial value problems for ordinary differential equations: Single Step Methods-Taylor Series, Euler and Modified Euler, Runge-Kutta method of order four for first and second order differential equations. UNIT- IV Boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations: Finite difference solution for the second order ordinary differential equations. Finite difference solution for onedimensional heat equation one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations. BOOKS: 1. Sastry, S. S Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (Third Edition), Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998. 2.Kandasamy, P. , Thilakavathy, K, and Gumnavathy, K, Numerical M ethods, S. Chand & Co. , New Delhi, 1999. 3. Grewal, B. S and GrewalJ. S. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Hanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Jain, M. K. , Iyengar, S. R. K and Jain, R. K. Numerical Methods for Engineering and Scientific Computation (Third Edition), New Age International (P) Ltd. , New Delhi, 1995. 5. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P. O. Applied Numerical Analysis (Fifth Edition), AddisonWesley, Singapore, 1998. 6. Narayanan, S. , ManickavachakamPillai, K. andRamanaiah, G. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Volume-III,S Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd. 1993.B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-313E AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of experiments :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 1. Study of a layout of transmission system for a front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and a four wheel drive arrangement 2. Trouble shooting in different types of friction clutches 3. Study of layout of gears and shafts in a manual t ype gearbox and a transaxle. 4. Trouble shooting in manual type of gearbox and a transaxle 5. Study of layout in a manual & automatic gearbox for a two wheeler 6. Trouble shooting in gearbox of two wheeler of previous experiment 7. Study of layout of an automatic gearbox. 8.Study of gear shifting controls in an automatic gearbox 9. Trouble shooting in an automatic gearbox 10. Study of performance of an automatic gearbox. 11. Study of a manual and electric Transfer Case. 12. Trouble shooting in Transfer Case of previous experiment. 13. Study of an electric drive in an Electric vehicle Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-315E AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To understand the layout of complete wiring system of an automobile. 2. Perform he various tests for checking the bat tery condition. 3. To understand and test the charging circuit and charging motor. 4. To conduct performance test on a dynamo, alternator & starter motor. 5. To understand & test the starting circuit and trouble shooting in it. 6. Understand and test the conventional ignition system, setting of contact breaker points and spark plug gap. 7. Understand the working and testing of an Electronic Ignition system 8. Understand and test the lighting circuit of a car. 9. Conduct headlamp focusing as per the procedure. 10. Study the working of different accessories of a modern car 11. To study the layout / working of a Fuel Cell powered electric car.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-317E HEAT TRANSFER LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. Determination of thermal conductivi ty of: a solid insulating material by slab method powder materials by concentric spheres method / or by some transient heat transfer technique †¢ liquids by employing thin layer †¢ a metal by comparison with another metal by employing two bars when kept in series and / or in parallel under different boundary conditions 2.Determination of coefficient of heat transfer for free/forced convection from the surface of a cylinder / plate when kept †¢ along the direction of flow †¢ perpendicular to the direction of flow †¢ inclined at an angle to the direction of flow 3. Determination heat transfer coefficient by radiation and hence find the Stefan Boltzman's constant using two plates/two cylinders of same size by making one of the plates/cylinders as a black body 4. To plot the temperature profile and to determine fin effectiveness and fin efficiency for †¢ A rod fin when its tip surface is superimposed by different boundary condition †¢ †¢ :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark †¢ Straight transfer fins of various sizes and optimization of fin proportions †¢ Circumferential fins of rectangular/triangular section 5. Study of various elements of an air conditioner system through cut sections models / actual apparatus 6.Study of design of an AC condenser / evaporator as an heat exchanger. 7. Calculation/ Estimation of cooling load for a vehicle 8. Study and performance of car air conditioner (HVAC model) Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-319E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark List of Experiments 1. To study various Rating Factor systems and find standard time for making small sand mould. 2. To study various plat layouts and suggest improvements in existing Machines Shop layout. 3.To study and draw organizati onal structure of a near by industry and suggest changes. 4. To draw X and R charts for a given sample of products to check their acceptance. 5. To draw p chart for a given product lot and verify its acceptance 6. Draw a flow process chart with time estimates for a simple welding process. 7. Draw a two handed process chart for a simple process of a job preparation on a lathe. 8. To study various purchase procedures and draw organizational structure of college purchase department. 9. A case study on ABC/VED analysis. 10. A case study on Quality Improvement Techniques (e. g. Hostel Mess/ Workshop / Canteen etc. ) 11. A market survey and analysis. 12.A â€Å"preliminary project report† preparation for any small-scale unit. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by 1. institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (VTH semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-321E Applied Numerical Techniques& Computing Lab L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To develop computer program to determine roots of a given equation using method of Newton -Raphson method, 2. To develop computer programs for solution of system of simultaneous linear equations using Gauss Elimination Technique 3. Numerical Integration with Simpson's rule and Gaussian Integration 4.Solution of ordinary differential equations by (i) Euler Method (ii) Runge-Kutta Method (iii) Taylor Series Methods 5. Develop a computer program to generate random numbers. 6. Develop a computer program to carry out a numerical integration using Monte Carlo Method. 7. Develop a computer program to find the value of pi using Monte Carlo method with different total number of computations. 8. Develop a computer program to simulate the car wash station problem. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Te ch 3rd year (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-302E L 3 T 1 P – TWO AND THREE WHEELER VEHICLESSessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Power Unit: Two stroke and four stroke SI engine, merits and demerits. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical port timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes merits and demerits, scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps. Rotary valve engine. UNIT- II Fuel system. Lubrication system. Magneto coil and battery coil spark ignition system. electronic Ignition system. Starting system.Kick starter system. UNIT- III Chassis and Sub-Systems: barMainframe, its types. Chassis and shaft drive. Single, multiple plates and centrifugal clutches. Gear box and gear controls. Front and rear suspension- systems. Shock abs orbers. Panel meters and controls on handle. UNIT- IV Brake and Wheels: Drum brakes, Disc brakes, front and rear brake links layouts. Spoked wheel, Cast wheel. Disc wheel. Disctypes. Tyres&tubes. Two wheeler dynamics: Stability of two wheelers on straight and curved path. B-Tech3rdyear (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-304E ENGINEERING MATERIALS L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Atomic structure of metals & crystal system:- crystallographic notation of atomic planes, polymorphism and allotropy, solidification of crystallization (i) nuclear formation (crystal growth) (ii) crystal imperfection Elementary treatment of theories of plastic deformation, phenomenon of slip twinning, dislocation, identification of crystallographic possible slip planes and direction in FCC, BCC, C. P. , recovery, re-crystallization, preferred orientation causes and effects on the property of metals. UNIT-II .General principles of phase transformation in alloys:-, phase rule and equilibrium diagrams, Equilibrium diagrams of (i) Binary system in which the components form a mechanical mixture of crystals in the solid state and are completely mutually soluble in both liquid state. (ii) systems whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in the solid state in which the solid state solubility deceases with temperature(iii) alloys whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in solid state (iv) system whose components are subject to allotropic change. Iron carbon equilibrium diagram and their Phase transformation UNIT-III Engineering materials and their properties:- classification. Classification of ferrous and nonferrous materials. Classi fication of cast iron-properties and their applications.Effects of alloying elements on properties of steel, carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless steel, tool steels and die steels. Alloys of Ni, Al, Cu, Mg; properties and their applications. Classification of composite materials and their properties and applications. UNIT-IV 4. Heat treatment and surface treatment: Heat treatment of steel – Annealing, Normalising, Hardening and tempering with their types and application to automotive components, surface hardening techniques, Induction, flame and chemical hardening, coating of wear and corrosion resistance, Electroplating. Phosphating, Anodizing, hot dipping, thermal spraying, hard facing and thin film coatings. Selection of materials: Cryogenic wear, corrosion, fatigue, creep and oxidation resistance application. riteria of selecting materials for automotive components viz cylinder block, Cylinder head, piston, piston ring, Gudgeon pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, crank case, cam,cam shaft, engine valve, gear wheel, clutch plate, axle, bearings, chassis, spring, body panel – radiator, brake lining etc. Application of non-metallic materials such as composite, ceramic and polymers in automobile. References: 1. Khanna. O. P. , † Material Science and Metallurgy â€Å", DhanapalRai& Sons, 2. Kapoor, † Material Science and Processes â€Å", New India Publishing House, 3. Raghavan. V. , Physical Metallurgy, Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall, 4. Bawa. H. S. , Materials Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill,. 5. Avner S. H†.Introduction to Physical Metallurgy† McGraw-Hill, New York, 6. Dieter, G. E. , Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 7. Heat treatment of metals B. Zakharv B-Tech 3rdyear (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-306E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-II L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Belts and Chains systems Design for the selection of V-belt, toothed belt and chains. Design of pulley for belt, and sprocket for chain.UNIT-II Suspension Systems Type of springs and their uses, Design for helical springs, under tension, compression and fluctuating loads, design of leaf springs, Belleville springs, Air (Pneumatic) springs, Surging phenomenon in springs. UNIT-III Transmissions Basics of gears and gear trains, nomenclature, design of spur, helical, straight bevel gears, worm and worm wheel. UNIT-IV Bearing Basics of bearings, their types, nomenclature. Selection criteria, Design of sliding and rolling type of bearings, Details of design of bearing housings Design of Lubrication systems for different assemblies in vehicles UNIT-IV Engine Components Details of cylinder and piston assembly and their failures. Choice of material for piston and cylinder. Details, failures, and design of connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft. Material for crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft.Basics of Valves and their design. Design aspects of intake and exhaust manifolds, valves springs, tappets, valve trains. Materials for the same. Text Books 1. Design Data Book by PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 2000. 2. Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K. , Khanna Publisher, New Delhi – 2002. 3. Fundamental of Machine Component Design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley. 4. Vehicular Engine Design, â€Å" by Kevin L Hoag, SAE Publication 5. An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design, Julian Happiah Smith, SAE Publication 6. High Speed Combustion Engines by P. M. Heldt, Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. 7. Mechanical Engg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 8.Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns, Illiffe Books Ltd. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Autom obile Engineering) AE-308 AUTO PULLUTION AND CONTROL L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction: General Scenario on automotive Pollution, Pollutants-sources-formation-effectstransient operational effects on pollution.Engine Combustion and Pollutant Formation: HC, CO, NOx, Particulate Matters, Aldehyde emissions, Effect of operating variables on emission formation. Emission Control Efforts: Supply of fuel – establishment of national test centers, construction of road networks. UNIT-II Alternate Fuels : Estimation of petroleum reserve – need for alternate fuels – Merits & Demerits and uses of CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Hydrogen, Bio-fuels, Electric Energy, Solar Energy. Emission Standards : Evaluation of Emission S tandards – Mandatory Tests for Emission measurement – Type Approval & Production Conformity Tests – Driving Cycles, Bharat Stages & Euro emission standards.UNIT-III Control Techniques for SI and CI: Design changes, optimization of operating factors, Control of Crankcase emission, Evaporative emission, Exhaust emission – exhaust gas recirculation, air injector PCV system, thermal reactors, catalytic converters. UNIT-IV Test Procedure & Instrumentation for Emission Measurement: Test proceduresMeasurements of invisible emissions -ORSAT apparatus, NDIR analyzer, Flame ionization detectors, Chemiluminescent analyzer, Gas analyzer, Measurements of visible emissions – Comparison methods & Obscure methods – Smoke meters, Emission standards. Reference: 1. B. P. Pundir, â€Å"Engine Emissions†, Narosa Publishing House, 2007. 2. V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 2004. 3. K. K. Ramalingam, â€Å"Automobile Engineeri ng†, Scitech Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2005 4.Amitosh De, â€Å"Automobile Engineering†, Galgotia Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2004 5. Dr. N. K. Giri, â€Å"Automobile Mechanic†, Khanna Publishers, 2006 6. Heywood. J. B. , Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1995. 7. Automobiles and Pollution SAE Transaction, 1995. B-TECH 3rd YEAR (6th SEMESTER) (AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING) AE-310E TRIBOLOGY & PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I INTRODUCTION :-Introduction to Tribology, general tribological considerations in design of gears, cams, reciprocating components, Engine tribology basics – importance , tribological aspects of engine components such as bearing, piston assemb ly, valve train, transmission drive line-transmission, traction drive, universal and constant velocity joints, wheel bearings, drive chains, lubrication regims in the engine. UNIT -II FRICTION AND WEAR:-Nature of metal surface, surface properties, surface parameters and measurements, types, sliding friction, rolling friction, theories of friction, modified adhesive theory, engine friction, losses and engine design parameters. Introduction to wear, types of wear, theories of wear, mechanism of wear, wear testing and methods of wear measurements, factors affecting wear.UNIT-III BEARINGS, LUBRICATION AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS:- Theory of hydrodynamics, lubrication, generalizedReynold’s equation & physical significance of terms, pressure distribution and load carrying capacity equations for hydrodynamic journal bearinginfinitely long and short bearing approximations, thrust bearings, Raleigh bearing sintered bearings. Automotive Lubricants- introduction, properties, standard test methods for automotive lubricants, testing, classification, engine oil performance designations, tests, transmission fluids, gear lubricants, axle lubricants, solid lubricants, automotive engine oils, EP lubricants, Lubricant monitoring, SOAP, ferrography and other rapid testing methods of lubricant contaminationHYDROSTATIC AND ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION:- Hydrostatic bearings, basic concepts, bearing characteristic number and performance coefficients, flat, conical & spherical pad thrust bearing, air & gas lubricated bearing, squeeze film lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, introduction, rolling of two cylinders, lubrication of ball & roller bearings, cams and gears, selection and life estimation, fatigue and diagnosis. . UNIT-IV INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE:-Definition of preventive maintenance, difference between regular maintenance and preventive maintenance, preventive maintenance schedule for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles, Noise, wear and co rrosive maintenance.PERIODIC MAINTANENECE:-Maintenance of batteries, Lead acid battery, Factor affecting battery life, testing and battery troubles Maintenance of auxiliaries Lubrication system, greasing of vehicle , lubricationcharts , Cooling system Maintenance, Maintenance of Electrical system, testing of starters ,alternators, ignition coils, wiring harness, horns, wipers, maintenance of drive line system Reference Books 1. Fuller D. D. , â€Å"Theory and Practice of Lubrication for Engineers â€Å". John Wiley and Sons. 2. Halling J. , â€Å"Principles of Tribology â€Å", McMillan Press Ltd. 3 Cameron A. â€Å"Basic Lubrication Theory â€Å", Wiley Eastern Ltd. 4 Neale M. J. â€Å"Tribology Hand Book â€Å", Butterworths. 5 O. P. Orlov, â€Å"Fundamentals of Machine Design â€Å", Vol. IV, MIR. 6 Hamrok B. J. â€Å"Fundamentals of Fluid film lubrication†, McGraw Hill, New York,NY 7 Automotive Chassis – P. M. Heldt, Chilton Co. NK 8 Young, Griffiths , â €Å"Automobile Electrical & Electronic Equipments’ Butterworths, London 9 G. B. S.Narang, â€Å"Automobile Engineering† 10 NakraB. C. ,†Theory& Practice of mechanical Vibrations†, McGraw Hill 11 Nakra B. C. &Chowdhari K. K. , â€Å"Instrumentation, measurements and analysis†, McGraw Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-312E MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Basic Electronics :Introduction: Electronic devices and circuits, Amplifiers, Converters, Digital Electronics.Microprocessors Block diagram of microcomputer, Architecture of Intel 8085, Importance of Data, Address and Control buses, Instruction formats, Addressing modes and types of instruc tions in Intel 8085, Instruction set of 8085. Memory Devices, RAM, ROM Types, Microprocessor interfacing with memory chips. LAN and CAN Network basics Microcontroller:Comparison of microprocessor & microcontrollers, survey of 4,8,16 & 32 bit microcontrollers. Architecture of 8051:Block Diagram, oscillator & clock, Program Counter, registers, Flags, Internal memory, stack & stack pointer, special function register, Input/Output Pins, Ports and Circuits, External memory, Counters & Timers, Serial Data input/output interrupts. DC Motor and Stepper motor controls.UNIT-II Electronic fuel control system:Introduction, components, Open loop and closed loop control systems, intake manifold pressures, mass air flow rate sensor, Throttle body injection and multi port or point fuel injection, Fuel injection system, Injector operations, Injection system controls. :Motivation for electronic engine control, concept, parameters, Digital engine control variables, Engine mapping, control strategy, El ectronic engine management components, layout. Engine cranking and warm up control, Acceleration enrichment, Deceleration leaning and idle speed control. EGR control, Variable valve timing control, Electronic Ignition control, Electronic spark timing control. Exhaust emission control engineering, Integrated engine control system. UNIT-III Transmission control systems: Electronic transmission management: components, layout.Electronic control of automatic transmissions, valve actuating control system, twowheel drive control, four-wheel drive control, all wheel drive auto control system. Electric vehicle drive controls Electronic control of hybrid and electric vehicles. Digital controllers for drive-motor, motor-generator, battery and fuel cell. UNIT-IV Chassis Control system Electronic management of chassis system, Cruise control systems. Electronic suspension system, antilock braking controls system, traction control system, and vehicle stability control system. Electronic Steering c ontrol. Body controls and Security Body control systems: Remote central locking, Key less entry, Automatic Air conditioning systems. Security systems: immobilizer, and warning systems.Telematics, GPS Systems, Electronic control system diagnostics. Text Books: 1. William B. Riddens, † Understanding Automotive Electronics â€Å", 5th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Woburn, 1998. 2. William L Husselbee, † Automotive Computers and Control System: Fundamentals and Service â€Å". Hartcourt Brace Professional Publications. 3. Thomas H Denton, â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems†, SAE Publication. 4. Bosch Automotive Handbook, Latest Edition, SAE Publication 5. Bechtold. , † Understanding Automotive Electronic â€Å", SAE Publication 6. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å"Automotive Microcontrollers† SAE Publications 7. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å" Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems† SAE PublicationB-Tech 3rd year(6th Semester) (Automobile Engin eering) AE-314E Microprocessor & Interfacing Lab L 3 T 1 P Class Work Exam Total 1. Study of 8085 Microprocessor Kit. 2. Write a program to add and subtract two 8-bit number using 8085 3. Study of 8051/8031 Micro controller kits. 4. Write a program for multiplication of two numbers using 8051 5. Write a program to interface the ADC. 6. Write a program to control a stepper motor in direction, speed and number of steps. 7. Write a program to control the speed of DC motor 8. Write a program to control the traffic light system using 8085/8086 microprocessors and 8255 PPI 9. Programming of a PLC based system to control speed of DC motor 10.Programming of a PLC based system to control stepper motor Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :50Marks :100Marks : 150 Mark B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-316E AUTOMOBILE ENGG. LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam To tal List of experiments 1. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Steering Systems. (a) Manual Steering Systems, e. g. Pitman –arm steering, Rack & Pinion steering. (b) Power steering Systems, e. g. Rack and Pinion Power Steering System. (c) Steering Wheels and Columns e. g. Tilt & Telescopic steering Wheels, Collapsible Steering Columns. 2.To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Tyres& wheels. (a) Various Types of Bias & Radial Tyres. (b) Various Types of wheels. 3. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the Automotive Brake systems. (a) Hydraulic & Pneumatic Brake systems. (b) Drum Brake System. (c) Disk Brake System. (d) Antilock Brake System. (e) System Packing & Other Brakes. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 4. To study and prepare report on the constructional de tails, working principles and operation of Automotive Emission / Pollution control systems. 5. Modeling of any two automotive systems on 3D CAD using educational softwares (eg. D modeling package/Pro Engineering/I-Deas/ Solid edge etc. ) 6. Crash worthiness of the designed frame using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna solver or other software. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-318E AUTO POLLUTION & CONTROL LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments : 1. To Study of Pressure pickups, charge amplifier, storage oscilloscope and signal analysers used for IC engine testing. 2. Performance study of petrol and diesel engines both at full load and part load conditions. 3.Determination of compression ratio, volumetric efficiency and optimum cooling water flow rate in engines.. 4. Testing of 2 and 4 wheelers using chas sis dynamometers. 5. Study of NDIR Gas Analyzer and FID 6. Study of Chemiluminescent NOx analyzer 7. Measurement of HC, CO, CO2, O2 using exhaust gas analyzer 8. Diesel smoke measurement. 9. Study of Exhaust gas re circulation system in diesel engine. References:1. Giles. J. G. , Vehicle Operation and performance, IIIiffe Books Ltd. , London, 1989. 2. Crouse. W. H. and Anglin. D. L. , Motor Vehicle Inspection, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1978. 3. Ganesan. V. , Internal Combustion engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 1994. 4. BIS code Books, IS-10000 series, 1988.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-320E GRAPHICS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mar 1. AutoCAD or similar drafting software 2. Computer Aided Drafting – introduction 3. Learning standard tools of Com puter Aided Drafting with exercise 4. Creating 2D drawings of simple automotive component like gaskets, brackets, valves etc. 5. Applying dimension and tolerance on entities. 6. Creating 2D detail drawing, cross sections & partial views of automotive components like flywheel, piston etc. 7. Concept of multi layer system with exercise. 8.Applying geometrical tolerance on drawing. References: 1. Shrock Cheryl R. , Exercise Workbook for Beginning AutoCAD, New Age International, 2006. 2. George Omura, Mastering AutoCAD, BPB Publication, 2005. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-322E TRIBOLOGY LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks 1. To study the pressure distribution of a journal bearing using journal bearing apparatus. 2. To determine abrasion index of a material with the help of dry abr asion tester. 3.To determine the rate of wear of metal and plot displacement v/s time curves by friction & wear monitor apparatus. 4. To evaluate the load wear index & weld point with the help of four ball stream pressure tester. 5. Analysis of various properties of lubricant of using lubricant oil analyzer. 6. Compare and analyzer the wear characteristics of different materials. 7. To study different types of bearing used in industries. 8. To study the effect of axial and circumferential grooves in cases of oil bearing. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory.