Relief, Recovery, Regulation - the New Deal - 1341 Words

Relief, Recovery, Regulation When Franklin personally addressed the Democratic Party Convention to accept the nomination, he was the first candidate to do so and thus received a lot of attention. These were the words from the acceptance speech that set the tone for his campaign and his administration: I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people. Let us all here assembled constitute ourselves prophets of a new order of competence and of courage. This is more than a political campaign; it is a call to arms. Give me your help, not to win votes alone, but to win in this crusade to restore America to its own people. 1 These words might have been just platitudes, uttered by another progressive†¦show more content†¦While many of these programs were wasteful, they succeeded to some extent in keeping people out of foreclosure, out of starvation, and propped up morale. I think they could have been more successful had the Administration not shot itself in the foot with a perverse economic tightening in 1937. Recovery One of the best examples of a successful recovery program was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). This program was proposed by Senator George Norris 5 during the Hoover Administration. Resurrected and expanded under Roosevelt, despite opposition from private utilities, The TVA constructed and maintained dams, provided hydroelectric power where there was no electricity before, and stimulated investment in the region. The TVA is one of the shining success stories of the New Deal. A less successful program was called the National Recovery Act (NRA). The NRA established a minimum wage, set working hours, and attempted to regulate prices. The act invested the President with vast authority to intervene in the market economy. One example was power to regulate aspects of interstate commerce, a power that the Constitution invests in Congress. The act was voluntary to business and riddled with bureaucracy. In May 1935 the US Supreme Court, in Schechter Poultry Corporation V. United States, unanimously ruled the NRA unconstitutional. In fact, 11 out of 16 of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Success and Failure of the New Deal747 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Deal The United States encountered many ordeals during the Great Depression (1929-1939). Poverty, unemployment and despair clouded the â€Å"American Dream† and intensified the urgency for solutions to address and control the nationwide damage. President Franklin Roosevelt proposed the New Deal to detoxify the nation of its suffering. It can be argued that the New Deal was ineffective due to the inability to end the Great Depression with its short-term solutions and created more problems, however;Read MoreEssay on Franklin D Roosevelt1402 Words   |  6 Pagesconfidence and a new hope for the nation, declaring in his inauguration day speech on March 4, 1933, quot;the only thing we have to fear is fear itselfquot; (Norton, p.727). By incorporating this theory into politics, he attempted to pick America off the ground, and set America back on track with two sets of programs called the First and Second New Deals. During the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt set forth his plan for national recovery, known as the First New Deal. Designed andRead MoreThe New Deal : A Success At Tackling The American Economic And Social Problems During The 1930 S1226 Words   |  5 Pages1939, America was set with new government programs established by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Within Roosevelt’s first Hundred Days, he established a plan that would bring America out of crisis. This program was called, The New Deal, and had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. This goals, the 3 R’s were short-ran goals for relief and immediate recovery, as well as, long-term goals for permanent recovery and reform. Ultimately, the main goal of the New Deal was to bring America out ofRead MoreThe New Deal. Samantha Archer. Pols 1101: American Government.1359 Words   |  6 Pages The New Deal Samantha Archer POLS 1101: American Government January 22, 2017 Dr. Andrea M. Peterson The New Deal In October of 1929 the stock market crashes, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. By 1930 unemployment grows from almost 4 million in January to 7 million in December. During this time President Herbert Hoover appoints the President’s Emergency Committee for Employment to stimulate state and local relief but no funding for relief was provided by the committee.Read MoreFDR’s Alphabet Soup1158 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the summer of 1933, job recovery was still a major part of ending the Great Depression. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was the largest piece of industrial recovery and regulations during the time period. FDR stated, â€Å"Its object is to put industry and business workers into employment and increase their purchasing power through increased wages.† It did abundantly more than that. It also ended child labor, sweat shops, and lowered weeklyRead MoreProgressive Era Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibilities of the federal government changed drastically during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implementedRead MoreRoosevelt s New Deal For The American People899 Words   |  4 Pagesnomination from the Democrats to become president and pledged to â€Å"a new deal for the American people† and eventually established the New Deal for his campaign. The New Deal attracted support from farmers, factory workers, immigrants, city folk, African Americans, women, and progressive intellectuals. Roosevelt had three interrelated objectives: relief, recovery, an d reform. Roosevelt wanted to develop plans to meet economic emergency so the New Dealers’ policies were shaped by four underlying ideas. TheRead More 1930s Essay759 Words   |  4 Pageswitnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and free enterprise way of life. The government saw that the free enterprise system was failing. The New Deal increased the governments regulation and intervention and the economic system, thus temporarily abandoning the capitalism system and turning toward socialism to find the answer. The answer... the New Deal. Socialism is usually thought of as a form of government that advocates public ownership and public control of wealth (Britannica JrRead MoreGreat Depression Essays1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression is probably one of the most misunderstood events in American history. It is routinely cited, as proof that unregulated capitalism is not the best in the world, and that only a massive welfare state, huge amounts of economic regulation, and other interventions can save capitalism from itself. The Great Depression had important consequences and was a devastating event in America, however many good policies and programs became available as a result of the great depression, someRead MoreThe Success of Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal718 Words   |  3 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† package of legislation set a new precedent for United States involvement in cultural development. The New Deal was characterized by liberal use of government resources to provide relief, recovery, and reform to a nation that had been reeling from the aftermath of the Great Depression. While the immediate success of Roosevelt’s New Deal in mitigating the effects of the Great Depression is debatable, it’s long lasting impact on American government is still felt today

The Benefits Of Solar Energy - 1258 Words

The Benefits of Solar Energy Solar energy has been around for decades and as time has evolved it has become the center of renewable energy. In order for you to fully understand the environmental and economical benefits of solar panels you must first understand and know their purpose. A solar panel is a panel designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. With the recent rise in energy costs many people have been looking to alternative sources of energy, this is where we see solar panels and solar energy come into the picture. Solar panels have a variety of benefits ranging from higher property values, economic growth, and health benefits. As more homes and businesses across the country install solar panels, our nation moves farther away from fossil fuel consumption and closer to a clean economy powered by the sun. It is known that when we burn fossil burns to create energy we are releasing toxic gases that cause pollution and global warming. But the insta llation of solar panels allows for less and less of those toxic gases to be emitted and lowers our dependence on the other fossil fuels. Throughout this essay you will see how and why solar panels play such a vital role in our environment, and yes it is true that there are two sides to every story but in actuality you find very little disadvantages. So why are solar panels beneficial to the environment and how can this be proven? Well studies have shown thatShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Solar Energy Essay1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe Benefits Of Solar Energy Solar energy is an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Our planet has been experiencing an average increase in global temperatures. Slowly but surely our planet is deteriorating, unless we change our form of energy into a greener alternative. Deterioration of our planet may occur at a faster rate. The depletion of fossil fuels is detrimental to our environment. By substituting fossil fuels with the solar energy, our planet will benefit. These benefits include:Read MoreCost And Benefit Of Solar Energy1171 Words   |  5 PagesAmeer Anthropology 3150 Sec 005 Cost and benefit of Solar Energy in China It is well known that China is the largest developing country in the world and second largest country in energy consumption. In addition, China has the third largest Gross Domestic Production. With the rapid development of economy and society, energy demand of Chinese society is increasing in an incredible speed. Unfortunately, various fossil fuel resources provide 90% of energy in China. Fortunately, China has large countryRead MoreBenefits Of Solar Scale Renewable Energy3495 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract—This paper will discuss the topic of small-scale Renewable Energy (RE) technologies, their progress and prospects in developing countries. Specifically, five technologies will be given a closer look: tidal array, geothermal, anaerobic digestion, small-scale hydro (micro and mini), and small combined heat and power (CHP). The paper will explain the technologies and the setting in which they can be applied, and look at case studies from developing countries where small-scal e RE are makingRead More The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Solar Energy Essay3669 Words   |  15 Pagesmany economists have suggested that the use of alternative energy could alleviate the effects of overconsumption and the environments ability to replenish. Therefore, this study evaluates the potential of solar energy (SE) on society and the environment by evaluating a cost-benefit analysis between solar energy technology (SET) and conventional energy resources. Electricity and The Call for Solar Technology: Research on conventional energy resources has shown that the demand of electricity has drasticallyRead MoreThe World s Top Consumer / User Of Photovoltaic Solar Technology1064 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Germany is the world’s top consumer/user of photovoltaic solar technology thereby produces the most solar power worldwide. With a climate much like the state of Maine, it is surprising that Germany now obtains more of its energy from solar power than any other nation – a total that is continually growing. The country uses a feed-in tariff system that mandate the use of renewable energy sources. This system makes solar power a consumer friendly option for power and thereby making GermanyRead MoreFossil Fuels And Alternative Energy Sources1682 Words   |  7 Pagesalternative energy sources (Investopedia). These alternative energy sources would include nuclear, solar, wind and hydroelectric power. The first alternative source to be discussed is Nuclear Power. Nuclear power plants are similar to fossil-fueled power plants in which water is turned into steam, which drives the turbines and generates electricity (Duke-Energy). In nuclear power plants, the heat that makes the steam is created when uranium atoms are split, called fission (Duke-Energy). ThereRead MoreSolar Power And Solar Energy1255 Words   |  6 PagesSolar energy is capable of providing a cleaner energy than most forms of energy generation, and solar energy is able to be generated economically. Solar energy reduces the amount of harm to the environment from energy generation, by providing a cleaner alternative. Solar energy also provides jobs for construction and installation of solar powered technologies. The cost of installing solar panels can vary greatly, but its long term benefits outweigh the costs. Typically a solar panel system isRead MoreSolar Power : Advantages And Challenges Of Solar Energy1710 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Hunt Final Paper Solar Energy Solar energy is energy that is collected from the sun that is then turned into electricity. The most common medium for using solar power is the use of solar panels. Through the use of solar panels people can use that harnessed electricity to power their houses, household appliances, their cars, even their towns and cities. Before the use of solar power people were using other sources of energy such as wind, and hydroelectric energy. The use of wind is a niceRead MoreCan Solar Energy Save the World? Essay564 Words   |  3 Pagesalternative sources of energy. Presently, renewable energy is the best substitute available. My main focus is on solar energy because of its abundant availability and great potential. The sun’s energy is so much efficient that an hour of it can burn trillions tons of coal. The use of solar energy can also save the depleting fossil fuels and can be sustained for future generations. Also it would take only around 0.3% of the worlds land area to supply all of our electricity needs via solar power. Apart fromRead MoreIntroduction: Now days the renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various900 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Now days the renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various energy like sun energy , wind energy and water energy. The sun energy is one of the best of these energies so, we can benefit from it in so many purpose and ways , like the case in solar cars. Presently , the solar cars are available in a lot of countries. Since, they have many benefits and advantages. Therefor, in this essay I am going to talk about the solar car, its component , advantages and

Karl Marx And Adam Smith Essay Example For Students

Karl Marx And Adam Smith Essay Adam Smith, (1776), of the division of labor According to Adam Smith, economic growth is rooted in the increasing division of labor and the specialization of the labor force by the breaking down of large jobs into many little ones. Under this regime, each worker becomes an expert in one area of production and workers do not have to switch tasks during the day. This will increase efficiency by saving time and money. Smith illustrates his theory very well with an example of the production pins. He says that an individual could not make as many pins as he or she could produce concentrating on a single operation of its manufacture. Smith tells us that there are three reasons for this:First, the individual has improved dexterity in concentrating on a single task;Second, there is a disadvantage of expanding time changing from one task to another and third, the machines used are designed in a way to perform their task quickly and efficiently for that particular function. Adam smiths division of labor theory was very useful and was introduced into the factories of the 19th century with the assembly line technology. Almost any factory in our days considers the division of labor as a key element for efficiency and for increasing productivity. In the assembly lines of car factories for example, one worker or robot is specialized in assembling the interior, another is responsible for placing the engine, and a third is specialized with the installation of the gear box. However, one should not ignore the disadvantages of this theory. Adam Smiths theory considers men as robots and expects them to do the same task for their whole life. But a worker forced to perform a repetitious task would become demotivated and his productivity will decrease. One possible solution for the problem of routine could be the rotation of tasks, where workers will have the chance to discover new fields in the process of production. After all, men are human and could not be treated as robots. Business

The Design Justification Of The Interface For The Online Gift Shop

Question: Discuss about the Design Justification Of The Interface For The Online Gift Shop. Answer: Design Justification This interface is intended for the users of an online gift shop so that they can expand their business and compete with the other available online stores. The design of the interface for the online gift shop has been designed to provide the users with ease of navigation so that they can browse from the available gift items. The interface has been designed by taking into consideration the usability of the users so that they can easily place their order sitting at their home. The design of interface has been done such that it has resemblance with the physical gift store where the users are able to search for gift items as per their requirement. The user interface has been designed with precision so that it is easily understood and used by the customers visiting the online gift shop. The online gift shop user interface is designed by studying various existing websites of the same domain and identifying the required components. The assessment of the current outlines has given an understa nding into the best possible putting of segments so that the clients can undoubtedly explore through the online gift shop. The interface was outlined by taking after the design standards and ease of use details. The specific plan of the UI has been chosen as it will be simple for the clients to utilize the site to put in their request by choosing gift things or items. The outline of the interface has been resolved as it offers a classy search and feel for the clients with the goal that they are agreeable to utilize the interface. The outline being picked has functionalities for navigation and has included navigation bar so that the clients can move starting with one place then onto the next with ease. The things or the gift items being offered by the gift shop are being given class wise in the interface outline so that the clients can pick as indicated by necessities. User Requirements The interface has been designed for satisfaction of the desired targets as it has every handiness that has been settled in the plan suggestion. The outline is direct and easy to use that concentrations out to be a positive viewpoint for attracting customers. Next, the interface being formed has been incorporated with a search bar so that the customers can without quite a bit of an inquiry from the open things in the online gift shop. There is a shopping bushel given in the interface arrange not in any way like wicker receptacle in any physical store so that the customers can incorporate their choice of things and scrutinize for gaining of various things. The shopping cart helps the customers to incorporate, adjust or eradicate things as per the determination of customers before proceeding to clear demand setting procedure. The interface has been moreover embedded with a help page to outfit the customers with chart of some consistent issues being gone up against while putting in their demand and how to decide them. There is in like manner another module being executed in the interface for effortlessness of the customers to pay early while presenting their demand. The request page being composed in the User interface shows the general synopsis of the purchase and aggregate sum that the clients need to pay for their purchase. Design Framework The UI for the online gift shop has been arranged considering the specific necessities chosen from blueprint suggestion. The arrangement has been made with the ultimate objective that at every movement of using the online gift shop, the customers do not stand up to any inconvenience to present their demand of feel that the website or versatile utilization of the online gift shop is erratic in nature. The interface has been set up in this manner that the customers can without quite a bit of a stretch put in their demand for particular gift things by either looking or examining available things. The arrangement has been picked so that the customers can put in their demand by taking after all around requested procedure. The considerations and thoughts for sketching out the interface has been amassed from various available online gift shops however the most direct modules from those have been decided for this particular project. The framework procedures for locales have also been conside red to ensure that the interface is being arranged by guidelines for plan and ease of use. The planning of the UI in this project has been finished by gathering of information from the accompanying sources: https://www.igp.com/australia https://www.australiangiftsonline.com.au/ https://www.yellowoctopus.com.au/ Conclusion The evaluation of designed user interface for the online gift shop has provided an insight into the design principles and standards. The proposal for designing of the online gift shop has been considered to design the user interface so that the users can easily access the available gift items. The design of the user interface provides an elegant look and feel for the online gift shop. References: Banerjee, I., Nguyen, B., Garousi, V., Memon, A. (2013). Graphical user interface (GUI) testing: Systematic mapping and repository.Information and Software Technology,55(10), 1679-1694. Charfi, S., Ezzedine, H., Kolski, C. (2015). RITA: a useR Interface evaluaTion frAmework.J. UCS,21(4), 526-560. Hart, P., Bierwirth, R., Fulk, G., Sazonov, E. (2014, August). The design and evaluation of an activity monitoring user interface for people with stroke. InEngineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE(pp. 5908-5911). IEEE. Page, T. (2014). Skeuomorphism or flat design: future directions in mobile device User Interface (UI) design education.International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation,8(2), 130-142. Plaisant, C., Wu, J., Hettinger, A. Z., Powsner, S., Shneiderman, B. (2015). Novel user interface design for medication reconciliation: an evaluation of Twinlist.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, ocu021. Zen, M. (2017).A methodology for assessing aesthetics of a graphical user interface of an information system: visual measures-based automated evaluation(Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Universit Catholique de Louvain).

Feminist Art free essay sample

The subject of Feminist art has been debated for many years. Female artiste worked anonymously in a society, obsessed with male dominance for a long time, examples of women artistes before 19th cent are rare. They encountered a clash between their roles as Mothers, householders, workers etc in the society where males imposed patriarchal social systems and hence restricting a female’s artistic (along with her political, social) expression. significant in the dominant cultures patriarchal heritage is the preponderance of art made by males, and for male audiences, sometimes against females. Men maintained a system which excluded women from training as artists, or even selling their works. These events took a turn for good with the advent of feminism in the 1960s. At this time the United States experienced social upheaval coming with the Civil Rights Movement, economic prosperity, and reforms in the Catholic Church. Many other countries experienced social unrest of various kinds during this period. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page women were now educated, independent and sought a more positive role in the society. Consequently feminist art arose from the concerns of artists of one gender, begging the elemental question, what makes male art different from female art. Lucy R. Lippard in her feminist art essay raises a similar question Is there an art unique to women? , Lippard finds herself convinced that some characteristic features are necessarily feminist and hence inaccessible to men. Her social experience, her attitude towards her society would vary from that of a man’s, especially since her (a woman’s) experience of being a woman is naturally unique. ore often than not feminist art have been about womens power in arenas of which sexuality (reproductive acts and roles) is an important part. According to Lippard With more mature understanding of their influence of consciousness raising experience, female art have moved from a neutralized to an overt contact with focus on her sexual experience. But does it stop there? Is female art just a reproduction of Female sexuality? The de finition of feminist art seems limited due to works of art by female artiste laden with sexual innuendos. Therefore how do we define a feminist art? Art by women is not necessarily feminist, then what amounts to a distinction between female and male art. The discipline of gender studies could provide an opportunity to understand feminity with its contemporary sensibilities and juxtaposing it with its traditional connotations. The contemporary meaning of feminine can be appreciated , both in the way female body is celebrated in art and in the way it is portrayed by woman artistes. Lippard explains with an example from Indian art. †¦ In the visual arts of ancient India, the female body is depicted according to a very constant ideal of beauty. This same ideal is reflected also by Epics and classical poetry, through metaphors and similes. The womans body evokes sensuousness, fertility and auspiciousness; and it is often connected with vegetation and natural phenomena, as shown by literature, iconography and cult. Beauty in ancient Indian art is associated with fertility and auspiciousness. The feminine in ancient Indian art in the depiction of the female body according to a very constant ideal of beauty†¦ Female body is signified as a product of social structures of sexual differences and determines both what and how a women is painted. They are the products, sense, of social mobility and visibility in the social relations of seeing and being seen in a particular way, with respect to its cultural reference. Feminism is ideas related to a female’s most intimate experience, breaking away from years of oppressive social conditions. The properties found in women’s art to be expression of the social roles they occupy, putting forward their new social independence through artistic expression though often presupposing what is truly feminine, and hence they avoided the obvious, lest they fell into a line of stereotypes. But today artistes reject this approach and are moving back to the origin of womanhood or femininity, for to talk of one is to talk of another. With many other definitions entailing Feminist art, woman works of art have subjects dealing with their status in society, social; economical, political aspects. The ideology of feminism underlies heavily as a canvas for feminist art, and postmodern theories of the 20th cent views art as breaking the path for a new social order for femininity, which largely focuses on issues regarding nature and status of being an individual, subjectivity, the body etc. the philosophy of feminism moves beyond expression and art to the whole social political world order. The issues concerning the feminine world over, is met where art and traditions rise above ethnic hierarchies to convey common messages of womanhood.

Learn About the History of Hyperbaric Chambers

Learn About the History of Hyperbaric Chambers Hyperbaric chambers are used for a mode of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in which the patient breathes 100 percent oxygen at pressures greater than normal atmospheric (sea level) pressure. Hyperbaric Chambers and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy In Use for Centuries   Hyperbaric chambers and hyperbaric oxygen therapy have been in use for centuries, as early as 1662. However, hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used clinically since the mid-1800s. HBO was tested and developed by the  U.S. Military  after World War I. It has been used safely since the 1930s to help treat deep sea divers with decompression sickness. Clinical trials in the 1950s uncovered a number of beneficial mechanisms from exposure to hyperbaric oxygen chambers. These experiments were the forerunners of contemporary applications of HBO in the clinical setting. In 1967, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) was founded to foster the exchange of data on the physiology and medicine of commercial and military diving. The Hyperbaric Oxygen Committee was developed by the UHMS in 1976 to oversee the ethical practice of hyperbaric medicine. Oxygen Treatments   Oxygen was discovered independently by the Swedish apothecary Karl W. Scheele in 1772, and by the English amateur chemist  Joseph Priestley  (1733-1804) in August 1774. In 1783, the French physician Caillens was the first doctor reported to have used oxygen therapy as a remedy. In 1798, the Pneumatic Institution for inhalation gas therapy was founded by Thomas Beddoes (1760-1808), a physician-philosopher, in Bristol, England. He employed Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), a brilliant young scientist as superintendent of the Institute, and the engineer  James Watt  (1736-1819), to help manufacture the gases. The institute was an outgrowth of the new knowledge about gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide) and their manufacture. However, therapy was based on Beddoes generally incorrect assumptions about disease; for example, Beddoes assumed that some diseases would naturally respond to a higher or lower oxygen concentration. As might be expected, the treatments offered no real clinical benefit, and the Institute succumbed in 1802. How Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Works Hyperbaric oxygen therapy involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized room or tube. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has long been used to treat decompression sickness, a hazard of scuba diving. Other conditions treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy include serious infections, bubbles of air in your blood vessels, and wounds that wont heal as a result of diabetes or radiation injury. In a hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber, the air pressure is increased to three times higher than normal air pressure. When this happens, your lungs can gather more oxygen than would be possible breathing pure oxygen at normal air pressure. Your blood then carries this oxygen throughout your body which helps fight bacteria and stimulate the release of substances called growth factors and stem cells, which promote healing. Your bodys tissues need an adequate supply of oxygen to function. When tissue is injured, it requires even more oxygen to survive. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases the amount of oxygen your blood can carry. An increase in blood oxygen temporarily restores normal levels of blood gases and tissue function to promote healing and fight infection.

Minimizing risks in Shipping Lines Research Proposal

Minimizing risks in Shipping Lines - Research Proposal Example Identify and formulate new strategies, techniques or methods to identify and address risks due to the various factors like operational costs, oil prices, interest and exchange rates, political and environmental changes, etc. which are either highly exorbitant, volatile, or detrimental to affect the smooth and safe functioning of the shipping industry. Plan to use both primary and secondary data for the purpose of research. Primary sources off data like interviews and questionnaire will be used. Secondary sources like books, journal publications, articles, official websites, newsrooms, etc. would be used along with the primary sources of information. The primary sources of data that would be taken into consideration would represent a small section of people and their views and feedback based on their experience and varied roles in the industry which would then be generalized for the whole industry which may pose problems when taken for formulating high impact strategies by the governmental or policy making bodies. This use of limited primary data can be compensated by using secondary data from books, articles, journals, websites, newsrooms and other reliable sources. As the interviews would be conducted at shipping d... Plan to use both primary and secondary data for the purpose of research. Primary sources off data like interviews and questionnaire will be used. Secondary sources like books, journal publications, articles, official websites, newsrooms, etc. would be used along with the primary sources of information. Your signature Date Name(s) of proposed Supervisor(s) for this Dissertation: Confirmation of approval of proposal and its ethics by the Programme Leader/External Examiner: Signed Date RESEARCH ETHICS CHECK FOR MA DISSERTATIONS INVOLVING HUMAN PARTICIPANTS This form should be submitted at the same time as the Dissertation Proposal Form Your Name: Your Degree Programme: Your Dissertation Supervisor's name: SECTION 1: DETAILS OF YOUR PROJECT 1. What is the title of your dissertation Minimizing risks in Shipping 2. What do you consider to be the main ethical issues or problems that may arise with the proposed study and what steps will be taken to address them The primary sources of data that would be taken into consideration would represent a small section of people and their views and feedback based on their experience and varied roles in the industry which would then be generalized for the whole industry which may pose problems when taken for formulating high impact strategies by the governmental or policy making bodies. This use of limited primary data can be compensated by using secondary data from books, articles, journals, websites, newsrooms and other reliable sources. 3. Where exactly will the interaction with participants be As the interviews would be conducted at shipping dock yards maritime control offices, etc. interaction would be with

Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals Essay

Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals - Essay Example These respiratory diseases entail influenza (flu), pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB) and common cold among others. Another malady includes intestinal disease whereby transmission is through food or water that has contamination via urine or feces of a person who is infected or an animal. Example of these diseases includes cholera, dysentery and typhoid among others (Acha & Szyfres, 2001). On the same note, such infections are found in waters that people have been put in containers and used to prepare food. Additionally, these transmissions come because of poor water treatment and living in squalid conditions such as slums. These are places that do not have proper radiation control and environmental management. Alternatively, these diseases are caused by lack of insect and rodent control such as mice that feast on both feces and food inside the house. In the same respect, poor dumping techniques such as contaminated solid material either in rivers or in dumpsite spread these diseases. There fore, this calls for an urgent need to implement control factors to prevent contamination for human life. For example, it is essential to find better methods of dumping waste materials such as feces and dirty water in order to reduce transmission of the communicable diseases such typhoid and cholera among other diseases. Additionally, rodent and insect control should be reduced through use of anti rodents in order to reduce the transmission of contaminated materials and components consumed by human beings. In the same aspect, there should be effective swimming pool guidelines that ensure proper drainage to avoid contact of drinking water with bathing water (Heymann, 2008). Furthermore, effective solid waste management should be instituted through digging of toilets and latrines that do not encourage more contamination.

Legal advice to BGE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal advice to BGE - Assignment Example In its bid to raise capital in 1818, the company was enlisted in the public stock market. The company transformed into a corporation in 1906, and its mission is to achieve customer satisfaction by providing high quality energy services and products. From 1960 to 1980, the company experienced numerous growths and the climax was in 1967 when it built the first nuclear generating plant in Baltimore. In 1983, due to losses in its business operations, BGE sought diversification of its business initiatives but was rejected by the Maryland council since local laws did not allow such ventures (Dubinsky and Morgenstern, 1982). In 1989, the company’s nuclear power plant was shut down and it faced numerous fines deteriorating its financial capabilities. In 1992, with the passing of the Energy Federal Act, which allowed competition in the wholesale power market by retention of retail business, the company was able to reinvent itself (Williams, 1984). It responded by looking for a strategi c partner for the purposes of improving its profits. In 1995, the company formed a joint venture with Potomac Electric Power Company, and they engaged in reduction of staff and job overlapping. This was aimed at saving approximately a billion dollars. The merger was called off in December 1997 due to disagreements on cost sharing and regulatory laws of the District of Columbia (Moscardini & Betacourt, 1990). In 1998, the company made organizational changes and split its management into three distinct parts, namely unregulated subsidiaries department, utility operations department and power generation department. Currently, BGE has undertaken to improve the productivity of its services by rolling out the smart grid initiative. The smart grid initiative will allow clients to regulate their energy use with the money they are willing to spend and starting this year, the company will install two million smart meters and its devices in Maryland. After the installation, the company plans t o establish an online device that will enable customers to view their energy usage patterns and costs. The tool will give tips on effective consumption of energy, and outline a comparison on the neighbor’s energy usage pattern. This is called the green button technology. Clients will be able to view and download information of a similar manner concerning customers of other energy companies (Carvallo & Cooper, 2011). In rolling out this service, laws regulating the administration of the initiative must be put into consideration. At the federal level, the administrative law relevant to this initiative is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In initiating the smart grid technique, BGE will face numerous costs, and ways and measures of reducing risks associated with implementation of this act needs to be looked at. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is an example of an administrative law that the company can invoke to minimize the risks associated with the initiative (Keyhani, 2011). The law allows compensation by the federal government to American companies suffering losses due to initiating policies meant to benefit its citizens. In Maryland, the most relevant aspects of administrative laws is the EmPOWER Maryland Efficiency Energy Act which regulates energy consumption and peak demands. It is the duty of energy companies in Maryland

Film Analysis Troy (2004) | Historical Accuracy of Troy

Film Analysis Troy (2004) | Historical Accuracy of Troy As generations continue to revolutionize, various new prospects lie ahead for the many inhabitants of earth, no matter what corner they live in. At a time when technology is changing so rapidly, the histories, traditions and cultures of the past are sometimes forgotten, if not lost altogether. To counter this, Hollywood directors and producers alike create fantastical films that bring to life the many stories and legends that are carried down through generations, but have a chance of being lost forever. One of the stories that was written down rather than told was Homers epic poem, the Illiad which was basically the legend of the Trojan War. The story which is thought to be based on history was turned into a film in 2004 by director Wolfgang Petersen. The films plot is based on the King of Mycenae, Agamemnon, who has forced the kingdoms of Greece into a loose alliance after decades of war. Menelaus, the King of Sparta and Agamemnons brother, strives to make peace with Troy, who is th e most powerful rival to the emerging nation but when the Trojan prince, Paris, steals away Menelauss wife, Helen, Agamemnon strives to get her back for his brother and in the meantime, using the event as an opportunity to fight Troy and bring it down, so that Sparta could be the strongest Greek nation. Although an ingenious plot, based on the Greek epic poem, many things can be questioned, as it is unknown if the epic poem was even based on history itself. A film that is historically inaccurate gives no benefit to its viewers as the story can be so twisted and changed that it is no longer, a tale of history, tradition or culture. When examined meticulously, it is clearly evident however, that the film Troy, is historically accurate as it is based on true facts from the ancient Greek life. The military, portrayed through fighting formations, weapons, and naval warfare, the culture of the Greeks portrayed through burial customs, belief in gods and architecture as well as class struct ure, portrayed through the roles of women, the respect to the king, and the respect to the Myrmidons, Achilles fighting group, are all pieces of evidence that lead to the verdict that the film Troy is historically accurate. The military and its different parts that it is made up of are essential to any nation, particularly one which is emerging to be the most powerful. The military not only protects the nation from invaders but also helps in the conquering of new territories to expand the nation so that it can grow. Expansion and conquering enemies all bring up a nations status, which is why the Greeks fought with each other to gain power and respect from others. Part of the militaries practices which were essential to its existence were fighting formations. The fighting formations of the Greeks were tightly formed and organized so that the enemy could not penetrate. The battle line a carefully built wall, the warriors standing with shield touching shield in a solid line. This is likely to have been the position before a battle, with armies drawn up in opposing lines and meeting in this simple formation. The battle probably broke up into a mà ªlà ©e, only after one side had given way, followed by indi vidual duels and single combat.  [1]  It is evident that the fighting formations were strongly structured so that the army appeared not only more powerful and mighty, but more organized and therefore more likely to intimidate the enemy. Once the formations were broken, the warriors fought individually, trying to kill as many of the opponents as possible. This sort of fighting in formation was also portrayed in the film Troy where Hectors army gathered outside of the Trojan walls standing side by side, with their large rectangular shields touching each other for protection. Once battle was initiated however, the men separated and fought individually. This event in the movie was clearly an accurate portrayal of fighting formations in Greece during 1250 B.C.E and thus starts to prove that the film Troy is historically accurate. Another division of the military, one of the most important in fact, is the weapons. Without weapons, battle would be very hard to win because warriors would need to be clever and exceptionally strong so that they could overtake their enemy with their bare hands. Luckily, the Greeks had very developed weapons, which proved to be useful against opponents. Weapons like spears and swords were used extensively in the Greek military, although spears were the first weapon of choice. Swords always seem to have taken second place after spears.  [2]  This is also portrayed in the movie Troy as when Hector faces Achilles in one on one combat, they use their spears first and then their swords. Spears in the film were constructed in such a manner that they looked like they were supposed to. Throwing spears (javelins) were usual, but some were obviously thrusting spears, such as Hectors, which was supposed to be 11 cubits long. Spear shafts were made of ash wood.  [3]  Although it is impo ssible to tell the exact length of the thrusting spears used in the film, they were pretty long, visually looking to be about 5 metres, which is approximately the length of 11 cubits. The rod of the spears were all made out of wood, although again, it is impossible to tell whether or not it was particularly out of ash wood, however it was definitely made out of wood. Therefore it is obvious that the film Troy sticks to history because of the materials and props they used on set to film the production, the same materials and objects which were used over three thousand years ago. The last division in the military which was of high importance to the Greeks, was naval or the sea category. Without naval ships, armies could not have gotten around and travelled to other areas to expand their territories or challenge their enemy as a consequence for a wrongdoing. The Greeks used many different types of warships, although the ones that were most common during the Trojan War and which were described in Homers epic poem Illiad were Pentekonters. Two types of ships are mentioned by Homer: light, fast ships powered by 20 oars, and heavier warships powered by 50 oars. These 50-oared galleys had one level only. They appear to have been built mainly from pine wood, with oars of polished spruce. while the bow terminated in a nearly vertical prow with a metal sheathed ram at the waterline. Pentekonters had a mast with a square sail that was taken down before going into battle  [4]  In the movie Troy the ships used also had one level of oarsmen and about 50 men rowing wit h oars. The front of the ship had an almost vertical prow that was slightly curved to the shape of the ship that helped stop the ship when it reached the shores. The ships used in the film also had square shaped white masts that were lowered when the ship reached the shore. Evidently, the portrayal of the military in the film, whether naval or on land, was historically accurate because the things depicted were truthful to history and actual Greek objects and occurrences. The culture of any nation, whether emerging or already established plays an important role in the everyday lives of citizens. Culture is a development in inhabited area that shows how prosperous the place is, because the main focus is no longer on just mere survival, as there are things to do. Religion, architecture, art, beauty, sports are just some of the aspects of culture that show how rich a nation is, because the people can have an average income, but if they are culturally satisfied, they will be happier than those who have no culture. Culture played an important role in the lives of the Greeks and they had advanced burial customs, religion and architecture, which made their nation a better place to live. Burial customs are one aspect of culture that was sophisticated and there was always a belief in the afterlife in the Greek culture, no matter what religion. Inhumation was most common in Mycenaean times, but by c. 1200 BC cremation became the main method of burial and was un iversal  [5]  Evidently, by the time of the Trojan War, cremation was used most often and this is depicted in the film as well because everyone who dies in the film, whether it was Patroclus, Hector or any other warrior; they were all collected and burned. In cremation, bodies were burned on a pyre soldiers killed in warfare were only rarely buried on the battlefield. Very often they were cremated on the battle site and their ashes taken home.  [6]  It is obvious that soldiers were generally not buried at the site of the battle in which they fought, rather just cremated and the ashes were gathered and taken home. This was the case in the film Troy when many soldiers died; chariots collected the bodies and carried them just outside of the battle field where there was a huge fire where other soldiers would cremate the bodies. Again it is clearly portrayed that the film Troy was historically accurate because it followed the burial customs that the ancient Greeks practiced thems elves. Religion was another important aspect of the ancient Greeks life and they all worshipped some gods. To some Greeks, certain gods were unimportant, but others were considered almighty to them. To the Trojans, the God Apollo was of high importance. A god worshipped throughout the Greek world, and the embodiment of moral excellence He was the god of prophecy, healing, archery. He was also a god of light (sometimes being identified with the Sun and with the god Helios).  [7]  In the film Troy the main worship was to Apollo and this is portrayed through frequent reference to Apollo, when King Priam or his men were prophesising. Everything centered on Apollo, who Priam prayed to nightly and to whom he assumed the wooden Trojan horse by the Greeks was built. The precious temple of Troys patron god Apollo (complete with 5 foot high solid gold statue of Apollo) is located outside the city, down the beach.  [8]  This was the case in the film because the Trojans created a temple just ou tside the city and in front of it was a massive gold statue of Apollo. Clearly, the historical accuracy of the film Troy is yet again proved as it supports the facts from ancient Greek religion. Another form of culture is the art through mainly architecture that is apparent in any nation that is on the rise to being one of the best. Architecture shows how culturally rich a society is because again the main focus is no longer survival, but other things as well, which show how prosperous a nation may be. Troy had a massive wall that protected the city on the inside and that was their main form of architecture. The walls of fortifications are an average of 16.5 ft thick and are built of massive stones weighing up to 10 tons.  [9]  Evidently the fortifications at Troy were extremely large which is why no one could penetrate them until the Greeks created the Trojan horse. This is also portrayed in the movie Troy when the Greeks attack but cannot penetrate the walls until they sneak in through the horse. The walls used in the film are visibly made out of stone and very large, although it is impossible to tell the exact measurements of the fortification. Overall, the portrayal of culture in the film Troy is historically accurate because the burial customs, religion and architecture portrayed in the film is the same as that of the ancient Greek world. The class structure of the ancient Greek world was much different than ours today, although some things are similar to todays world. Historical accuracy in the class structure system is key to a successful depiction of the ancient Greek world in film. The respect given to women, to the king, and to Achilles elite warrior group, the Myrmidons, all are historically accurate because it is very similar to the respect given in the ancient Greek world. The respect given to women in the ancient Greek time period was small but there were enjoyable parts to it. Female characters of the upper class led a relatively independent life. Although women were technically of citizen status, they had no rights of citizenship. Women had no political rights and could take no part whatsoever in government.  [10]  Evidently women had small respect but those of the upper class were fairly independent, being allowed to do more than the poorer women, although none of them could participate in politics. Th is is also portrayed in the film Troy. The women of the palace who were princesses or so took no part in the politics of the palace where all the men assembled, led by the king and his princes to plan out things for Troy. Although women had no role in politics and government, they played an important role in religion. Within religion women did play an important role, such as a dominant role at funerals, weddings. There were many priestesses.  [11]  This is also portrayed within the film Troy as when Briseis, the cousin of Hector and Paris, decided to become Apollos servant she was commended and it was said that Apollo is going to have a wonderful servant. Although women had this advantage, they were considered weak and a reference to this is made in the movie when it is said that peace is for women and weak by Agamemnon. Evidently using that metaphor, women were considered fragile and therefore peace went straight along with women since peace did not show off nations might or po wer. Evidently, the film Troy is historically accurate because it correctly portrays the respect given to women in the ancient Greek class system. In the ancient Greek world, there was always a lot of respect given to the king of the nation, whether he deserved it or not. Kings were very respected officials and demanded that they were given honour even if they were wrong on something. In the film Troy the respect given to the king, particularly Agamemnon was very high although he did not do anything. Odysseus, comments on this to Achilles who gets angry over the fact that warriors are giving the king things that they stole, even though he did nothing at all to deserve the gifts. Odysseus says War is old men talking, and young men dying. Evidently it is portrayed that the king had much respect whether he deserved it or not, and in this case, it is evident that Agamemnon did not deserve the respect that he was being given. Nonetheless, the king continued to be showered with gifts, as warriors were honoured to be in his presence and to be given a promise by him. Achilles elite group of warriors, the Myrmidons, were also a group that was given a lot of respect and was allowed to be different because they were necessary to the winnings of many battles. Although the king, particularly Agamemnon disliked Achilles and his group very much because of their individuality, he used them because of their skill. For example, all Greek warships that sailed had white sails but the ship that was used by the Myrmidons, had a black sail and was a showcase of their individuality. The Myrmidons, led by Achilles were so skilled that when they went out on their own onto the beaches of Troy, instead of waiting for the other Greek ships behind them, Agamemnon complained but soon acknowledged that it was the groups choice to do what they want. Evidently Achilles group, the Myrmidons, had a lot of respect from others, even Agamemnon who let them do what they wanted to, because of the Greek need for them and their skill. Overall class structure and the respect that w as given in the film Troy was historically accurate because it truthfully portrayed women, the king and the Myrmidons. From the beginning of the film Troy directed by Wolfgang Petersen, right to the end, the film proves that it is historically accurate and thus keeps the legend of the Trojan War, written down by Homer through his epic poem the Illiad alive. When analyzing the military portrayed in the film through the fighting formations, weapons and naval warfare, it is evident that the producers stuck to history and made an accurate portrayal of the Greek military. Culture as well is an aspect that proves to be truthful to the ancient Greek world through the portrayal of burial customs, religion and architecture. Finally, class structure and respect is yet another part of the film that remains historically faithful through the portrayal of the respect given to women, the king and Achilles elite group of warriors, the Myrmidons. Overall, it is apparent how new periods of time can still maintain history and portray legends, traditions and cultures of the past accurately, so that the audience can bene fit from the film and the story of the ancient world will never be lost. What Causes Poverty And Inequality? What Causes Poverty And Inequality? Poverty vary across rural and the urban areas. Rural areas have a higher poverty rate than urban areas due to low-wage jobs and a higher rural unemployment. Poverty rises as the area becomes more rural. Poverty could become a very serious issue everywhere. Lack of basic needs can increase the poverty rate. Urban areas are not likely to be affected to poverty but not all places. What is Poverty? For some people poverty could mean being poor or having no money. But to me personally poverty could mean so much more.Its when people lack the basic necessities for survival. For instance they may have been starving, lack of clean water, proper housing, isolated from family and friends, experiencing racism and discrimination, having problem in getting your basic needs, sufficient clothing or medicines and be struggling to stay alive. Poverty can mean different for each individual. It could mean What causes Poverty and Inequality? Some people may think that countries such as MEDCS (more economically developed countries) no one can be poor or if they are, its just due to some failings and problems. However, that is not the case. In reality it is more a measure of inequality. For example, a person who is relatively poor in a rich country usually suffers less material deprivation than someone who is living in a country with low overall standards. In these countries poverty could be an extreme major problem you are more likely to lack basic needs and survival can be more of a struggle, but because the general living standards are lower in these countries, there may be less relative poverty this will be less difference between the poor and the living standards of everybody else. How can poverty affect inequality? Poverty hits children hardest, like every lack of goods and services hurts every other human being. Poverty can damage childrens environment in every way whether it is physical, mental, emotional or spiritual. For example, women who must walk long distances to fetch household water may not be able to fully attend to their children; this may affect their health and development. And children themselves who walk long distances to fetch water for their family have less time to attend school. This problem particularly affects girls. Poverty can lead to malnutrition, which in turn is contributing factor in half of the under -five deaths in developing countries. Approximately 300 million children all around the world go to bed hungry every day. Fulfilling childrens right breaks that cycle. Poverty has been a very big problem in our world today. Poverty can affect inequality, the gap between the rich and the poor which is quite high and often getting wider and wider..People look at term pove rty in a different way depending if the country is poor or rich. World Hunger and Poverty World hunger is a terrible indicator of world poverty. There are many issues causing hunger which are related to factors that cause poverty. These are famine, drought, poor crop yields etc. The causes of hunger are related to the cause of poverty. One of the major causes of the hunger is poverty itself. According to the UNICEF over 9 million people die worldwide each year because of hunger and malnutrition almost 5 million are children. Poverty is transmitted from one generation to the next generation. For example malnourished babies often may give birth to an under -weight baby. These babies are more likely to die, but if they survive they are less likely to grow and develop to their full potential. The first goal of The United Nations Millennium Development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. UNICEF helps by building national capacitors for primary health care, healthy children become healthy adults. These people will create better lives for themselves, their communities and their countries. Helping the worlds children survive and flourish is another way in which UNICEF is helping. UNICEF also purchases and helps distribute to vaccines to over 40% of children in developing countries. UNICEF along with other governments and non-governmental organizations at national and community levels work to strengthen local health systems and improve at home care for children including re-hydration to save lives of infants with severe diarrhea and other diseases. Reducing Poverty Reducing Poverty should start with children. Every 3.6 seconds one person dies. This mostly applies to small children .Small children around the world die because of poverty. Poverty is a serious issue our world is facing today for countries all around the world especially countries in LEDCS (low economically developed countries). It is most threatening to childrens rights: survival, health and nutrition, education, participation, and protection from harm and exploitation. It creates an environment that is damaging to childrens development in every way mental, physical, emotional and spiritual. How Can Poverty Be Measured? Generally people who have been below at-risk-of poverty line for several years are likely to be in a more extreme situation than those who are only in such a situation for a short time, these people are those who live below the poverty line.  Ã‚  It is also important to measure the length of time that people are living in poverty.  Ã‚  However in many countries, it does not exist covering several consecutive years and this thus limits the possibility to measure those who are longer term below the relative income poverty line and they are likely to be in a worse situation. Global Perspective on Poverty Some countries are much poorer than other countries due to various reasons. Some countries such as USA and China are well developed and most people might not be suffering poverty. But as I said Poverty is present in this world, it does not matter where you are; it is always present. Some countries could be richer and some may still be developing. The gap in equality between countries has been widening in recent year. I think rich countries should be more aware of countries which have more problems due to poverty, this relates the developing countries. This might help the developing countries. The rich countries could help by giving money to provide poor countries food, Shelter, water and human basic needs. Local Perspective on Poverty Countries all round the world have been trying to solve this problem in many ways. For instance Poverty has decreased in Ethiopia for the past few years. Ethiopia is a developing country for now but few years later it is going to be one of the more economically developing countries. Some parts of Ethiopia, especially over the country side the government has helped to give some shelter and some food and water. Some big organizations have been helping try to overcome this issue. The ESCO and the UNICEF should be one of those who have given more consideration due to this issue; this helps our country solve this problem much faster way. Personal Perspectives on Poverty Being poor is a very repellent issue. We are very lucky students; we are able to sleep with our stomach filled and shelter to live in. I feel we are very lucky. Small children go to sleep hungry and die easily. We have the chance to be well educated and become successful. While as children which are poor dont even have money to eat or drink. They usually go to bed hungry. Some dont even have a place to live in this indicates that I think we are very lucky. Our parents have the money to send us to a proper school and we could get educated and become successful if we take our chance and use it properly. Conclusion As a conclusion all I can say is that poverty is the worst thing that could happen to a human being. Poverty doe not only happen in poor countries but it is also present in rich countries. Poverty and Inequality have been a major problem. One of the millennium goals is to solve this problem. If this problem is solved our world would have peace. Adults or children would be happier than before they will not go to bed hungry and this will make them stay alive and go to school. Work-Cited List (MLA CITATION)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shah,Anup.Causes of Poverty.web.Acessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UNICEF.Millenium Development Goals.web.Acessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shah,Anup.Causes of Hunger are related to poverty.web.Accessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  European Anti-Poverty Network(EAPN).Poverty and Inequality in the European Union(EU).web.accessed on 21/11/11  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rogers,C.Carolyn.Dimensions of Child Poverty in Rural Areas.web. Accessed on 4/12/11

Affirmative Action Essay -- Rights Equality Inequality Papers

Affirmative Action Since its implementation in the United States in 1965, affirmative action has been a heated topic of debate. Designed to address the issue of inequality in American society, affirmative action is a number of programs and policies designed to give women and racial minorities more opportunities in education and the job market. As a result, affirmative action has received opposition, mainly from blue collar white males who feel that it compromises their best interests. In this paper, we will attempt to evaluate the impact of affirmative action on all Americans and its effectiveness in addressing the issue of inequality. History: Affirmative action was first mentioned in executive order 10925 on March 6, 1961. On July 2, 1964 the Civil Rights act was signed by President Johnson to guarantee equal rights to all Americans. President Johnson introduced affirmative action on June 4, 1965. He gave a speech defining the concept of affirmative action as a way of countering the discrimination that had continued despite the passing of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. On September 24, 1965 executive order 11246 enforced affirmative action for the first time (Brunner). Affirmative action was met with both support and opposition. Conservatives saw it as opening doors of opportunity for minorities while shutting them for whites, calling it reverse racism. Because many conservative Americans prided themselves on hard work and making a fortune out of nothing, they resented what they thought of as blacks getting a free ride. They argued that Jews and Asians also underwent harsh forms of racism and discrimination but are largely successful now without the use of Government aid (Brunner). Supporter... ...center.org/DB/factsheet/historical-trendsII.htm {scholarly primary, print via internet; authoritative} â€Å"Housing and Household Economic Statistics.† U.S. Census Bureau. www.census.gov/hhes/income {scholarly primary, internet only; authoritative} â€Å"Race: Overview.† Public Agenda. 2004. http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/overview.cfm?issue_type=race {scholarly secondary, internet only; authoritative} â€Å"Race: Quick Takes.† Public Agenda. 2004. http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/angles.cfm?issue_type=race {scholarly secondary, internet only; authoritative} Ward, Dr. David. â€Å"Affirmative Action.† 2001. http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/david ward {scholarly primary, print via internet; authoritative} R. Yetman, Norman. â€Å"Race and Ethnicity†. Sociology McGraw-Hill. 1994 316-359 {scholarly primary, print, authoritative)

Plato and Aristotle Similarities and Differences Essay

What factors, for Plato and Aristotle, were critical in the construction of a state? Before one examines the construction of the State in the eyes of two famous classical thinkers, one must first understand what a State is. A State can be defined as a group of people settled in a specific geographical location where, through interdependency and order, a livelihood can be achieved. Plato and Aristotle, both great philosophers, contributed to the world of politics today, their views and ideas on what should be considered in the construction of a State. Plato (427-347 B. C. ), famous for his work â€Å"The Republic†, viewed the state as a machine which can be constructed systematically. In contrast to his former mentor, Aristotle, a former student of Plato, regarded the State as an organism with the attributes of a living being, stating that its emergence is a natural process. Both ideas are very influential and crucial in examining and understanding their contributions made to politics and society today. In the eyes of Plato, one of the main factors critical to the construction of the State was the division of the human soul. Within Plato’s division of the soul, there were 3 divisions: – â€Å"the rational†, which was regarded as the highest part of the soul and, as a result, gave particular people the ability to reason; â€Å"the spirited†, which had the capacity to follow and asset the claims of reason; and lastly, â€Å"the appetitive†, which Plato found as the lowest part of the soul and sheltered desires and emotions. The Rational reflected the rulers/philosophers who were small in groups but ruled over a much larger group of producers. They occupied the top of the class structure and because of their ability to reason, people believed that they alone had the insights and solutions to human problems. The Spirited followed the Rational and consisted of soldiers and administrators who supported and were controlled by the Government, hence their capacity to follow. The Appetitive represented the producers in society. Making up the majority of the population, producers were mainly artisans, traders and farmers who provided the basic services to society and were never allowed to state their opinions and feelings, thus their harbored emotions. Such a class structure was referred to as an aristocracy, which Plato thought of as the ideal State. It was this threefold division of the soul which influenced the division of society, therefore making it a critical factor in Plato’s construction of the state. Another factor which was very influential in Plato’s  construction of the State lay in the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding can be considered the pairing of parents to ensure the highest physical and mental qualities of the offspring. Such offspring were to become the next generation of rulers by the age of fifty. Plato believed that the selection of rulers could be best made through lengthened education and training which were reserved for only the ruling class in the form of music, literature, military instructions and so forth, to enhance these qualities. According to Plato, government and ruling must not be left to chance. It is through a planned program of training that kings are born, made and sculpted into society. This transmitted process is significant to the construction of the State in the eyes of Plato. Contrary to Plato’s views, Aristotle had his own vision of the construction of the State and rather than viewing the state as a piece of machinery, he saw it as a ‘natural entity. ’ Aristotle spoke of the construction of the State as an organism, in which the State was the highest form of all communities. One of the main factors in Aristotle’s eyes, critical to construction of the State, was the belief that the State was natural. In this perspective, the family, the village and the State were 3 stages in the growth of human relations. Aristotle saw the family as the first stage or form of association where mankind is reproduced and men’s primary daily wants and needs such as food, clothing and shelter are supplied. The second form of association of the state was the village in which men search for something more than the basic wants supplied in the family. In this stage, man satisfies his elementary needs such as a desire for companionship and loyalty. The third and highest form of community is the State. It is within this stage that moral values and beliefs are established through social institutions which are implemented throughout the State, such as the church and school. The state exists solely for the purpose of ensuring that man realizes himself and lives the good life. Thus, Aristotle emphasizes on the recognition of the State as a natural process which is critical for the proper construction of a state. Moreover to Aristotle’s belief of the State as an organic concept, another essential factor which Aristotle considers in the construction of a state is the framing of an appropriate system of government. Aristotle recognized 3 forms of true governments: – monarchy, aristocracy and constitutional government. Monarchy consisted of one ruler with the best features, qualities and merits who governed the majority of the population. Aristocracy consisted of a small group of rulers governing a large group of people. Aristotle defined it as â€Å"government formed of the best men absolutely†. Finally, a constitutional government was one where a large group of citizens administered for the common interest of the people. Aristotle, like Plato, regarded the aristocracy, in addition to the monarchy, as the ideal forms of government as they both consider the virtue of rulers above the consent of the ruled. Thus, to Aristotle, the framing of a system of government was essential in the construction of a state. In retrospect, in assessing the various factors which were significant to the construction of a state, both philosophers possessed dissimilarities in how they viewed the entire entity of the State but agreed in the decision of which government should be implemented within the state. These factors proved very influential in today’s conceptions and understanding of society and are important components of the work done by both classical thinkers and the present study of politics.

Free Essays on Peer Pressure In Teenagers

are laden with negative connotations. The idea that someone, or something, lures our children into learning dangerous and destructive behavior by discarding all parental behaviors and values, scares adults. The fact is, peer pressure can be positive. It keeps youth participating in religious activities, going to 4-H meetings and playing on sports teams, even when they are not leaders. It keeps adults going to religious services, serving on community committees and supporting worthwhile causes. The peer group is a source of affection, sympathy and understanding; a place for experimentation; and a supportive setting for achieving the two primary developmental tasks of adolescence. These are: (1) identity - finding the answer to the question "Who Am I?" and (2) autonomy - discovering that self as separate and independent from parents. It is no wonder, then, that adolescents like to spend time with their peers. Peers and Adolescence At adolescence, peer relations expand to occupy a particularly central role in young people's lives. New types (e.g., opposite sex, romantic ties) and levels (e.g., "crowds") of peer relationships emerge. Peers typically replace the family as the center of a young person's socializing and leisure activities. Teenagers have multiple peer relationships, and they confront multiple "peer"... Free Essays on Peer Pressure In Teenagers Free Essays on Peer Pressure In Teenagers As children grow, develop, and move into early adolescence, involvement with one's peers and the attraction of peer identification increases. As pre-adolescents begin rapid physical, emotional and social changes, they begin to question adult standards and the need for parental guidance. They find it reassuring to turn for advice to friends who understand and sympathize - friends who are in the same position themselves. By "trying on" new values and testing their ideas with their peers, there is with less fear of being ridiculed or "shot down". Yet, mention the word "peer pressure" and many adults cringe because the words are laden with negative connotations. The idea that someone, or something, lures our children into learning dangerous and destructive behavior by discarding all parental behaviors and values, scares adults. The fact is, peer pressure can be positive. It keeps youth participating in religious activities, going to 4-H meetings and playing on sports teams, even when they are not leaders. It keeps adults going to religious services, serving on community committees and supporting worthwhile causes. The peer group is a source of affection, sympathy and understanding; a place for experimentation; and a supportive setting for achieving the two primary developmental tasks of adolescence. These are: (1) identity - finding the answer to the question "Who Am I?" and (2) autonomy - discovering that self as separate and independent from parents. It is no wonder, then, that adolescents like to spend time with their peers. Peers and Adolescence At adolescence, peer relations expand to occupy a particularly central role in young people's lives. New types (e.g., opposite sex, romantic ties) and levels (e.g., "crowds") of peer relationships emerge. Peers typically replace the family as the center of a young person's socializing and leisure activities. Teenagers have multiple peer relationships, and they confront multiple "peer"...

How to get the most out of your internship and actually learn something

How to get the most out of your internship and actually learn something Internships are great learning experiences. You get to dip a toe in your chosen industry, and either start working toward the future job you want, or decide that hey, maybe it’s not for you after all. (It happens.) But how do you maximize your relatively short time at your internship? What are you supposed to take from it, besides a resume point? One word: networking. Networking, or forming relationships with people in your professional field, is one of the most important things you can do at every level of your career. And when you’re just starting out in an internship, you have the opportunity to start building that network the right way. Here are 4 strategies you can use as an intern to get that network up and running.1. Don’t blow off company events.Company events can be awkward and boring, sure, but they also have two things going for them: 1) free food (usually); and 2) people congregating in one place. So if your internship company advertises any kind of g roup event that’s open to employees, you should go, even if it’s not mandatory. Company softball game, and you can’t throw? Go and sit in the stands and make friends. Book party for that executive who wrote a super-boring treatise on project management? Go, eat some cheese cubes, and chat with people from departments other than your own. Any event can be useful for networking, as long as you’re up for it. And even if you’re an introvert, don’t let that stop you.2, Organize your own events.As an intern, it can feel like you’re on the low end of the power scale, but that doesn’t mean you can’t try to make inroads with the people around you. You might not want to start by inviting the CEO for drinks, but you can try to organize lunches with your fellow interns, or some kind of after-work activity where you invite some of the people you work with.3. Ask for references before you leave.Don’t be shy! Before you wrap up your internship, ask key people if you can use them as a recommendation for future jobs. This way, you’re not only cementing your network contact, but also setting up a framework for actually asking for a reference later. Most people will likely say yes, but if you get a â€Å"no,† don’t sweat it- just move on to someone who might be more appropriate or willing to provide you a reference.4. Stay in touch.Before you leave the company at the end of summer or your internship period, send a thank you to everyone you’ve worked with- everyone who’s helped you in some way. Get business cards or contact information, then make an effort to stay in touch. LinkedIn is a great way to do this, but it’s also good to drop an email once in a while, ask how things are going these days at Corporate Corp., and let them know what you’re up to as well. Maintaining network relationships isn’t that hard, unless you let them lapse and have to awkwardl y start from the beginning when you need something later.Whatever on-the-job expertise you gain from your internship, the longer-term benefits are likely to come from the relationships you form while working there. Make sure you’re making the most of your time at any company, no matter how you feel about the work.

The Benefits of Green Tea on Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Benefits of Green Tea on Diabetes - Essay Example Before the development of diabetes, a condition referred to as pre-diabetes do occur (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). In this condition, the individuals do not pass all the tests that can enable one to conclude an individual is diabetes. In some other words, the condition is known as the ‘grey area’ or the borderline. The borderline condition is a manifestation that an individual is at the risk of either developing a diabetes condition or other cardiovascular conditions (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). Types of Diabetes There are three different types of diabetes that can independently manifest themselves depending on the prevailing conditions and circumstances; type I diabetes is one of them, there are other scientific references that are used to refer to the same-insulin dependent, juvenile –onset or immune-mediated diabetes (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). Type I diabetes is an auto immune disorder in which the body considers there own cells as antigens and immunologica lly reacts towards them. They produce the antibodies that consider them as foreign substances leading to auto immune disorder. Once the cells producing the insulin are attacked, they fail to produce enough insulin and the effect is occurrence of type I diabetes (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). This condition is prevalent in young children and teens and have to administer insulin injection on a daily basis otherwise it may lead to death. Type II diabetes It is at times referred to as non-insulin dependant or adult onset diabetes (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). It the most prevalent cases of all the three diabetes that are known and accounts for about 90 percent of all the diabetes cases. The cause of type II diabetes is the relative deficiency of insulin or resistance of insulin. Either of the two conditions can manifest at the time of occurrence of the condition. The condition of type II diabetes can remain undetected for a long period of time and its occurrence is mainly observed at the age of 40 onwards (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). The condition is known to be associated with obesity which has been implicated in causing insulin resistance and subsequently lead to the elevation of the blood sugar level. Gestational diabetes (GDM), this is another form of diabetes that occurs due to elevation of the glucose level during pregnancy period. It is known to occur in 1 out of the 25 pregnancies (McKinley, & Jamieson, 2009). The condition of this type of diabetes is commonly seen before or soon after birth. This condition normally disappear immediately after birth and together with their offspring have the tendency of developing type II diabetes within a maximum span of ten years from the delivery date. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes In medical language symptoms are said to be subjective and can be noticed by the patient themselves while signs are objective and can only be noticed by a specialist like a doctors. When the doc tor and the patient can both identify a condit ion, then it qualifies to be a symptom and a sign at the same time. Some of the salient signs and symptoms of diabetes are as follows; frequent urination, this take place due to the inability of the body to produce enough insulin making more glucose to concentration in the blood and through osmosis, the body reacts by drawing more water in to the system to dilute the high concentration of the glucose in blood. This make the kidney t be filled with urine through the normal ultra filtration process (McKinley, & Jam

Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting Essay

Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting - Essay Example The paper "Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting" analyzes how the Lingnan School of Painting contributed to the innovations of the traditional Chinese ink painting, and how it influenced the traditional Chinese ink painting; what were the dissatisfactions articulated by the emerging Lingnan School; how the Lingnan style distinguished itself, in both their underlying philosophy and the art through which they expressed it; and in what direction(s) has the Lingnan school led, in its influence on Chinese ink painting. There were a number of defining characteristics of traditional Chinese ink painting, prior to the emergence of the Lingnan School. These defining characteristic might be arranged into the categories. With respect to the audience, traditional Chinese ink paintings were not created for common people or for a mass audience, but were generally privately-commissioned and intended for an elite audience only. Because the usual form of the painting included calligraphy and poe try, as well as painting and signets, it was done by educated scholars, for whom it was their esoteric passion. As such, the traditional Chinese ink paintings were often too lofty to comprehend. For this reason, they had a limited appeal, though very beautiful. The painter was, in a mystic way, the subject of his/her own painting, whether the apparent subject was landscape, flowers, or animals. The painting expressed the sentiment of the painter, but it was more intimate than that. The painting expressed the personality.... It can be understood that all painting, by artists, should develop their skills. Traditional Chinese ink painting was understood to be more profound than this. The painter painted and developed intellectually and spiritually. It was about the deepest aspects of being and the sensitivity of consciousness 5. Landscape paintings, for example, were lovely and set a mood. More than that, they communicated the emotion that the scholar-poet-painter experienced in that environment. Beyond that, the mountain or waterfall or other landscape setting shown, revealed the personality of the painter, for those who understood how to read the clues. It was not merely a painting for an audience, but it was an opportunity for the painter to reflect and develop personality and spirit. It was this painted high being-ness that the elite audience of traditional Chinese ink painting was looking for and paying for. In appreciating a painting, then, the audience appreciated Spirit and Consciousness. It was co nceptual, rather than visual 6. The subject of traditional Chinese ink painting was always painted in an abstract manner. From the 10th century to the 20th, it was thought that realism somehow cheapened the aesthetics of a painting. So, Chinese traditional ink painting was always expressionist, and not realist, and eventually even the selected subject itself was abstract. For example, a favorite subject of traditional Chinese ink painting, by the nineteenth century, was Taoist and Buddhist teachings. It is no wonder that the subjects of the paintings, for 800 years, were considered by later painters to be aloof from worldly affairs 7. The subjects painted were human figures, landscapes, flowers and birds. These three categories, however, are more

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political Essay

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political theories of any two of the political theorists - Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example ncepts of both the theorists Locke and Rousseau and try to have a better understanding of these important concepts and how to incorporate them into society to ensure a better standard of life. According to Locke, in order to understand political power in the right sense of the word, we should first of all attempt to understand man within a natural setting. In such a natural state or condition, man possesses total freedom or liberty to act as he thinks fit. In so doing, a sense of equality is achieved because in his natural setting, all belong to the same species and everyone’s actions are mutual and reciprocal. In such a setting, no one has more power over another, since all men have the same rank and the same advantages without fear of ‘subordination or subjection.’ (Locke, 8) However, Locke draws our attention to an important point that deals with man in his natural settings. He sheds light on the liberty of man by explaining to us that even though man has full liberty to disburse his actions or possessions in any way he deems fit, yet he does not have the liberty to destroy himself. He brings to our notice, that there is a law of nature that governs the state of nature and it is this law of nature that teaches man to reason and makes him responsible for his actions even though he has the liberty to act at his will. Locke, highlights the fact that though mankind are all equal and independent, yet, no one has the right to harm himself, nor his fellow beings life, possessions, his health nor his liberty in any way because everyone was created for the use of the other. (Locke, 9) However, if a person goes against the law of nature, then a person has the right to secure the law of nature by punishing the offender and bringing peace and harmony to the communi ty of mankind. (Locke, 10) In chapter III, Locke speaks in sharp contrast about the State of War, as against the State of Nature. He rightly explains that the state of war only leads to enmity and

Education - Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education Teacher Essay The education has been derived from Latin words Educare†. â€Å"Educare means to train, to bring and lead out, so we can say that education is to bring up, to developing and shaping up the individual talent and his inner potentialities. Definition: Education is a process in which and by which the knowledge, characters and behavior of the human being are shaped and molded. Education is lead to the enlightenment of mankind. According Imam Gzali Imam Ghazali said that education is a process which enables an individual to distinguish between the true and false, the good and bad, the right conduct and the evil doing. Educational policy: Education policy refers to the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through many institutions. For example early childhood education, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training. Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education people engage in at all ages. Policy 1979 Page 1 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 National Education Policy, 1979. On 29 March 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced the education policy. As a result all private education institutes were taken into national grip and brought changes in all other aspect of education. July 1977 General Zai-ul-Haq announced that new administration wanted to impose Islamic system. They considered it their aim. They believed that goals could not be achieved unless educational system based on Islamic system. For this purpose General Zia-ul-Haq conducted the conference of teachers, educationalist and of intelligent people. This conference gave recommendation for whole educational system. Muhammad Ali Khan announced this national policy. The main purpose of this policy was to impose education on Islamic system and to impose Urdu language by means of education. Main aim of the National Educational Conference 1979 was: ? Fostering loyalty to Islam. ? Creation of concept of Muslim Ummah. ? Promotion of science and technical education. Recommendation The main recommendation of the education policy of 1979 was following. 1. Elementary Education ? ? ? ? ? In coming five years 13000 schools will have opened Schools will have opened for those girls that were deprived from formal education Enable the students to stand on their courage Residential irony and training centers will have constructed for rural female teacher 5000 masjid will have constructed and books will have provided free of cost 2. Secondary Education ? 2000 new secondary institutes will have opened and converted 1000 middle schools into secondary institutes ? In the curriculum of secondary education new subject will have added ? Scope of secondary education will have intended so that students found take part in productive activities ? Secondary education will have considered from nine class to second year Policy 1979 Page 2 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 3. Higher Education ? In selected girls colleges of all provinces post graduates classes will have started ? Valuation will have given to teachers of University to extend their education professional training ? Scholarship will have given to intelligent students and teachers ? In coming five years no other new universities except women universities. New buildings of colleges will have constructed for girls and boys ? Provincial government will responsible to bear all expenses of universities Features: It was said in nation policy 1979 that education is a continuous process. Any educational policy cannot complete without education. Main features of recommendation are given below. 1. Masjid School It was planned in national educational policy that masjid schools masjid will have opened in these schools other subjects will have together alongside primary education. Moreover it was decided to open 5000 masjid school 2. Women Education It was recommended in policy to establish separate women university. Main point was to get attention of women towards education 3. Special Education It is also recommend in policy that central government will have prepared plans for the education of blinds, handicap able. Such person will have prepared to ea rn their livelihood 4. Establishment of private Institution In national policy establishment of private institute were allowed in this way education of inhabitants of country will have increased. Policy 1979 Page 3 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 5. Mohallah Schools It was recommended to open Mohallah schools for those girls that could not get admissions in formal educational institutes. For this purpose 5000 school were opened 6. Religious Education Arabic will have compulsory up to 8th class. It will have taught as a compulsory subject 7. Village workshop schools It was recommended in policy to open workshops schools for those children who leave study. Main purpose was to enable them to earn their livelihood. 8. Medium of instruction It was planned in policy that all English medium school that get government aids will consider Urdu language as a medium of instruction IMPACT: 1. Clear foundation of education In national educational policy Islamic Ideology of life was considered as base of education 2. University Grants Commission It was decided in policy to give university grant commission to university to save their problems moreover it was said that government would bear expenses of university and these amount were given a grant commission 3. Urdu Language. It also decided in educational policy that all official work will have performed in Urdu language. It was compulsory for English medium schools that get government aids to adopt language selected bay provincial government Policy 1979 Page 4 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 4. Islamic Madras’s According to the decision of national policy those people were held for public services that have certificate from Islamic Madras’s. in this way benefits of Madras increased and preached Islam 5. Teacher welfare Residential colony was constructed for rural teachers. For getting external in internal education scholarship was given to teachers Milestones achieved by Education Policy 1979: 1. The medium of instruction was switched over to Urdu in government schools. 2. Private schools were allowed to have English as the medium of instruction. This led to the operation of two different systems of education within the country, one for those who could afford private education, and one for the rest of the nation. This two tier system contributed to a widening socio-economic inequity with the consequent feeling of injustice and resentment. 3. The policy of nationalization was reversed. 4. The private sector was encouraged to open schools. 5. The funding of universities was made through the Federal government. Suggested strategies to achieve goals of Policy: 1. Merging madras and traditional education. 2. Urdu as a medium of education. 3. Effective participation of community in literacy programs. 4. Linked scientific and technical education. 5. Separate instates for male and female. 6. Mosque schools. Implementation: This policy was not implemented properly and failed due to lack of planning and financial resources. Policy 1979.

The black death Essay -- essays research papers

What was the Black Death, and what was its impact on European society? The Black Death was a bacterium which was carried by flea infested rats. This disaster spread across Europe quite rapidly. Much accusation for the cause of the plague was pressed onto the Jewish community. The most common plague was the bubonic plague, although the pneumatic plague also existed. This disaster caused economic, social, political and cultural havoc. Approximately 50% of the infested population died, which, was estimated between 19 to 38 million. During this occurrence 25 to 50 percent of the population throughout Europe decreased. The plague began around 1347 and did not end until around 1369. What major problems did European states face in the fourteenth century? There was economic mayhem during 1347-1351 caused by drop in population, which was caused by the immense amount of deaths caused by the Black Death. Peasants salaries were increasing where as aristocrats’ loss around 20 percent of their income. This caused social instability and lead riots. Peasants revolted against the nobles which affected commercial and industrial activities. The political structure changed causing instability. This was due to internal conflicts on who should lead to bureaucracy. How and why did the authority and prestige of the papacy decline in the fourteenth century? The papacy began to lose control when King Philip IV chose to tax the French clergy, without the pope’s consent. The Struggle...